[Felix Staratschek]

Waste incineration - chronic poisoning of the people/ Kryo- Recycling

The german version of this Text/ deutsche Fassung: www.buendnis-zukunft.de/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=165
Petition to European Parliament against incineration: www.petitiononline.com/noburn08/ Please sign it.
Actual dates: http://sites.google.com/site/euradevormwald/english
Your questions to german politicans: www.abgeordnetenwatch.de

Some words in advance:

This is the hand made copy form a book text, showing the lecture from Dr. Rosin and other engaged persons from Pentecoste 2008 hold in the German town Schwerte. But the organisators of this Congress were not able, to be everywere in the world to sell this book. So I dicided in arrangement with the other fighters for kryo- recycling --- after copying the german version from the lecture- manusscript --- to copy also the english version.
For the international disksussion, this english version is necessary in the internet. Pleace write your answer/ questions in english, nederlands/ dutch or french/ francaise. You can also use other languages, but I will not be able to understand much of their content. But others my be able.

Pleace make a link from other pages to this text. And when you know a good link from internet pages in your language/ country, write it in this or the linked forum. If you are not registrated in this forum, you can answer here: www.oekologisch-demokratische-partei.de/dcforum/DCForumID71/37.html at the end of postings. In that forum, a registration is not neaded. There are also discribed my own activities on kryo- recycling in German language, which began 1996.

Many thanks also to the German political organization www.buendnis-zukunft.de , which gives me the chance with this forum, to open an international discussion on the future of a better recycling and material economy. When there is the chance, pleace copy this text on other internet pages. So, we can be sure, that this text will not get lost for the public.

I am not the best english writer, but the following text is an scientific translation. My textprogramm is German and I hope, that I will not write to many mistakes. I hope to give much more publicity to this context by openining this knowledge for the internet, to stop pollution and distroying of our earth and our childrens future. But you can make a print of this text and send me a red marked correction. Pleace change the Printingpage 90° to the side. A print is also useful, if you can read the text in public transports or in breaktimes at work or for a present for interested persons without computer.

Felix Staratschek, Freiligrathstr. 2, D - 42477 Radevormwald

You can buy the book at www.total-recycling.org

Contents:

Page 1

-Some words in advance (above)

-general Links

-Introduction
-Analogy to cigarette burn- down
-Types of waste for incineration
-Why are so many different types of waste earmarked for incineration?
-On (1) Incineration techniques
-On (2) Halogenated organic matter in WIPs instead of HWIPs?
-Are WIPs disposal plants or synthesis plants?
-What happens with the countless reacion products from WIPs?
-Energy balance, thermal emissions
-Flue gas
-Slags, ashes, filter dusts
--(a) Slag
--(b) Fly ash, filter dusts

Page 2

-What ist the protective function of the 17th Federal Ambient Pollution Control Ordinance?
-"Total" dust
-Organic substances denoted as "total" carbon
-Polychlorinated dioxins/furans (PCCD/PCDF)
-What does the incinerator lobby say about it?
-What does engineers and chemists say?
--(a) Formation of PCDD/PCDF
--(b) Taking samples, preparing samples, isolation, idenification of single isomers
--(c) The influende of waste incineration plant (WIP) combustion and gas cleaning technology on dioxin emissions
--(d) Relevance for environment an toxicity
-What do responsible doctors and biologists say?
--* DDT
--* The silent spring
--* Effects of poisoning
--* Dr. Rosins microcosm model and HCF 134a
-What do action groups and environmental organizations say?
-Do alternative exist?
-On (1) Cryogenic plastics recycling/ Kryo- Recycling
--* The new low temperature refrigeration technology
--* The new grinding technology
--* The new separation and sorting technology
--* Outlook on Kryo- Recycling
-On (2) Biological- mechanical treatment in a three- phased process
--* Dr. Rosins BMT- Concept
--* Differences from BMT and Incineration
--* Compost- soil

Page 3

-Conclusion
(-Literature (This is placed under each article))
-Discussion
---Film link about wrong recycling
---Medicinal environmental journal in Germany/ English summerized
---Singapores waste- island
---Petition against incineration
---Excisting "kryorecycling", based on liquid nitrogen, two links

...........

English Links:

http://sites.google.com/site/euradevormwald/english About the EU- treaty of Lisbon

www.greenbusinesstimes.com/2008/0801/environmental-glossary/ Terms on environmental terms at wikipedia
www.exxonsecrets.org about lobbyism against environment
www.spectro.de/pages/e/index.htm sorting- recognition
www.herbold.com grinding technique for plastics (in several languages)

Against incineration
www.no-burn.org
www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/toxics/incineration
www.no-incinerator.org.uk
www.ukwin.org.uk/
www.noburner.org.uk

Environmental pages and themes:
http://sites.google.com/site/oekoradevormwald My homepage in german language
www.containerserviceamladegleis.de//en/html/seite1.php?active=site1 not only for waste- transport on the railway
www.greenpeace.com
www.rightlivelihood.se "Alternative Nobel- Prize"
www.isde.org Environment and medicine
www.transparency.org against corruption, that is allways is used to prevent better decisions, laws or measures.
www.foes.de/en/ Environment and economy, ecological tax system
www.alternative-energy-news.info

Green and ecological parties or parties, which fight for kryo- recycling*:
www.world-ecological-parties.org
http://greens.org World- list
www.greenparty.org.uk England
www.greenparty.ie Ireland
www.greens-in.org Northern Ireland
www.scottishgreens.org.uk
www.greenparty.ca Canada
www.gp.org USA
http://greens.org.au/ Australia
http://greens.org.nz/ New Zealand
www.oedp.de Ökologisch Demokratische Partei (ÖDP): The German party, which was the first worlds party fighting for kryo- recycling since Nov. 1996. The german green party ( www.gruene.de ) is still ignoring this technique!
* I do not know such a party, except the german ÖDP and hope, the english speaking green parties or other parties will take over kryo- recycling, etc. in their programm.

Friends of the Earth
www.foei.org International

www.foe.co.uk/forum

www.foejapan.org/en/
www.foeme.org Middle East
www.foe.org.hk Hongkong

www.foeeurope.org
www.foe.co.uk Great Britain
www.foe-scottland.org.uk
www.foe.ie Ireland
www.motherearth.org Flandern/ Brussel
www.foemalta.org

www.foe.org USA
www.foecanada.org

www.foe.org.au/ Australia

FOE in Germany: www.bund.net

And last but not least the owner of this forum:
www.buendnis-zukunft.de
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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http://sites.google.com/site/oekoradevormwald

[Felix Staratschek]

Foreword

On the occasion of the 2008 Whitsun Environmental Conference in Germany which was organized by the "Bürgerbewegung für Kryo- Recycling und Kreislaufwirtschaft" ( www.total-recycling.org ) and further organizations, a lecture entiteld "Waste Incineration - Chronic Poisoning of the People" was held and provided the main discussion topic. It derives its special significance from the systematicness of its comprehensive description of the mostly highly toxic emissions of waste incineration plants.

This scientific study edited by Professor Dr. Harry Rosin ( http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rosin / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rosin ) and Professor Dr. Christian Jooß ( www.uni-goettingen.de/en/1.html , deutsch/ german: www.uni-goettingen.de ) understandably and conclusively proves that the tale of harmless waste incineration cannot bu true, physically and chemically. The scientific arguments are supplements with innumerable clear examples.

This dangerousness of incinerators applies in particular of the allegedly so clean and safe German waste incineration plants. Considering, that German incineration technology is supposed to be the solution to the waste emergencies in North Italy, this connection gains in explosiveness. Massive expansion of waste incineration paves the way for strongly increasing waste imports and for growing international waste trade - a development which is opposed to the nessessary transition to a closed - loop - economy and therefore must provoke cross- border resistance!

Because of the fundamental significance of the lecture and the international dimension of the waste incineration problem we have decided to publish the lecture text in a bilingual brochure with the aim of reaching as large an audience as possible, internationally as well.

On behalf of the Executive Committee of "Bürgerbewegung für Kryo- Recycling und Kreislaufwirtschaft:

Monika Gärtner Engel / Heinrich Breuckmann
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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[Felix Staratschek]

Introduction

"Germany is Waste Champion" was the headline of a report in the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung in autum 2007:

"The waste buisiness is prospering - more than 80 new waste incineration plants (WIPs) are to appear in Germany. However, as the country itself does not produce enough waste for them, the operators have to import it" (39).

North Rhine- Westphalia (NRW) alone imported approximately 2,5 million tons of waste product in the year 2005. A quarter of this consisted of hazardous waste which falls under compulsory incineration regulations, i.e., industrial slag and sludge, contaminated filter dust, bitumen mixtures and other chemicals (65).

The NRW branch of BUND ( www.bund-nrw.de ) / "Friends of the Earth Germany" and further associations, including ouer own, battled throughout the entire year 2007 with letters of protest an 11 000 signatures against the initiallly authorized, but later revoked import of 22.000 tons of highly toxic hexachlorbenzene (HCB) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachlorbenzene ) from Australia, intended for incineration in NRW ( www.bund-nrw.de/pm022007_giftmull.htm ). Even the German Environment Minister Mr. Gabriel appeared pleased and proud about Germany being the world champions in incineration techniques, saying on television that Australia should make use of this to protect its population and should feel free to "dispose of" its waste problems here until Australia too has reached our high WIP standards.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration

These and other reports are serious evidence that the foundations currently are being laid for a giant global Business - after 20 years of toing and froing.

Germany, with his worldwide reputation for cleanliness and orderliness, its reliable plant construction, ennobled for its "made in Germany", and its recognized high standards of Hygiene, serves as showcase for this business. The aim of this bussiness is to cover the entire globe with WIPs based on the german model. The World Bank is being pressed to finance this bussiness in poorer countries through loans on favorable terms.

Advocates of waste incineration cite the waste disposal problems in the urban centers, the growing megacities, whose "mountains of rubbish" are badly in need of volume reduction, hygienization and so- calles "inertization" by WIPs, seemingly without any alternatives. The drastic example of the rubbish problem in Naples is not only meant to warn the Italiens, but also to show our WIP- critics exactly what can go wrong without WIPs. The scarcity of mineral oil as well as oil´s climbing prices in summer 2008 ( http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_Oil , www.peakoil.org ) additionally are cited to support the argument that thermal waste treatmant, energy recovery from waste, is of high urgency.

Three so- calles global players are getting ready to go into high gear. At DSD (Duales System Deutschand) in Cologne, internationally expirienced managers are processing the experience gatherered in the area of waste disposal by medium- sized enterprises over the last 20 Years: with technical variations, with logistics, with expert networks, with political support for changing laws and regulations, and so forth. KKR, a consortium of global investors in New York, raises the groundwork done by DSD to a European and global level. The E.ON subsidiary BKB in Hannover ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.ON ), the market leader among the WIP operators in Germany and now known as E.ON Energy from Waste ( www.eon-energyfromwaste.com ), is to take over the technical and marketing sides of the global business.

Only one lobby is missing: our critical citizens, our critical environmental associations and organisations. Their opinion is rather that waste incineration should be avoided, should not even be thought about, let alone put into practice. In collaborations with other organisations and associations we demande a resolute renunciation of waste incineration and the promotion of signyficantly better alternatives in material recycling ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling ):in particular, deep freeze (cryogenic) recycling of plastics ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic ) in combination withe three- phase biologcal- mechanical treatment (BMT) of toxically polluted biowaste, so- called residual waste (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_Waste ). Together with the already existing recycling streams - metal-, paper- and glass- recycling, composting - if plastics were no longer uncharted territory, a closed- loop economy (total recycling) would result.

Only this closed-loop economy is able to guide us humans towards a good unpolluted future. The first signs of chronic poisoning of the environment and human beings are already evident: in the form of declining harvests and a resulting food scarcity, a constant increase in illnesses caused by allergies and pollution, and an increase in toxics- induced dysfunctions and behavior disorders which have not yet developed into classic clinical syndroms, but burden our social system, and finally changes in our climate along with devastating regional weather turbulence.

The elaboration intends to concentrate and supplement the facts that we have to give the numerous civic action groups fighting further WIPs arguments which also can be use at court if necessary.

( 39 ) Kotynek, M.: Deutschland wird Müllmeister. Süddeutsche Zeitung/ Wissen 19Sep.2007 www.sueddeutsche.de
( 65 ) Sondermüllschlucker NRW? Zahlen zum Import von Müll nach NRW, 17jan.2007, www.wdr.de
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=BU9w9ZtiO8I
www.bpb.de/popup/popup_bild.html?guid=I3B1GJ
http://sites.google.com/site/oekoradevormwald

[Felix Staratschek]

Analogy to cigarette burn- down

As an introduction to the problematic nature of combustion processes ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion ), we can use the comparison to the burning down of a cigarette ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette ). How happy would the tobacco industrie be if cigarettes only emitted nicotin ( 48 ).

When tobacco ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco ) has been set alight, however, many other harmful substances are produced which weren´t in the cigarette to start with:
---For this reaseon, health warnings about potentially fatal diseases have been printed on each packet of cigarettes for quite a long time.
---For this reason nonsmokers have recently been protected from passive smoking in public areas.

Citizens´ basic right to life and freedom from bodily harm finally has prevailed in the protection of nonsmokers. The pending constitutional challange by the resaturant and pub owners´association stands little chance according to the constitutional lawyer Peter Sodan ( 64 ), even if the leading plaintiffs were able to "substantiate" a drop down in turnover due to smoking bans. In this case the principle of reasonableness would prevail, along with the weighing of public interests, which are "very highly positioned" in our Country. According to Sodan, a state´s obligation to protect its citizens enjoys a higher priority than the entitlement to preserve economic framework conditions!

While nicotine ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine ) is tobacco´s dominant natural harmful substance, and cadmium ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium ) accumulates in tobacco plants just as ist does in mushrooms, it is the burning of a cigarette that gives rise to the dreaded additional carcinogenic harmful substances ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen ).

As with other plant cells, tobacco also consists of about 300 natural substances, such as:
---the polysaccharide cellulose in the cell walls and fibres;
---sodium chloride, the physiological common or table salt..

When tobacco is ignited, heat energy destroys carbon compounds in the cellulose. The cellulose polymer is broken up into many fragments. This thermal dissociation, as one would expect, results in fragments with unpaired electrons, i.e., highly reactive radicals ( 4 ).

Above a temperatur of 800°C common salt also desintegrates into radicals. The chlorine radicals react with the celulose fragments to form chlorinated hydrocarbons ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinated_Hydrocarbon ), which belong to more than to the more than 40 carcinogens detected so far. The larger chlorinated biphenyls ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biphenyl ) and dioxins/ furans ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furan ) are formed in the cigarettes cooler condensation area, next to where the ash is burning.

The less oxygen sucked into a cigarette, the more halogenation occurs ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen ), i.e., the highest halogenation level is attained when the cigarette burns down all by itself, burning incompletely ( 4 ). The halogens´high electronegativity ("orbital electronegativity") causes them to drift towards the carbon of the cellulose fragments, which - when a cigarette does not burn fully - were not oxidized previously ( 4 )( 49 ). The so- calles secoundary smoke of a passively burning cigarette is thus 100 to 1000 times more toxic than the main smoke that is actively sucked in ( 23 ).

Through the burning process, over 4000 new substances are synthesized from tobaccos approximately 300 natural substances. More than 40 of these have been identified as being carcinogenic ( 5 )( 34 ). However, also direct lung toxins such as phosgene ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosgene ) various aldehydes ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde ) or strong liver toxins like trichloroethane ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroethane ) and carbon tetracloride ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_Tetrachloride ) also are formed in cigarette smoke and, along with nicotine and Cadmium, contribute to smoking´s overall toxicity ( 23 )( 72 ).

the cigarette does get shorter, it is eliminated you could say, but not one single atom disappears. The atoms are merely newly combinated, with each other in a radical, uncontrollable manner to form not only harmless, but also highly toxic substances.

Although it has been a known fact since about 80 years ( 34 ) ( 35 ) that smoking tobacco is toxic, and allthrough the harmful effeccts of passive smoking in particular have been common knowledge for at least 30 years ( 34 ), the tobacco lobby persisted in its "delaying tactics" during the concluding parliamentary treatment of nonsmoker protection law in the Bundestag in early 1998 ( 47 ).

Year after year the various tobacco - related illnesses result in over 90.000 death in Germany among smokers themselves, but also 400 lung cancer deaths and 3000 to 5000 cardiac/ circulatory- related deaths among passive smokers ( 47 ).

( 4 ) Becker, H.G.O.: Elektonentherie organisch- chemischer Reaktionen. Verlag H. Deutsch, Zürich/Frankfurt/thun (1975)
( 5 ) Beratungskommission Toxikologie: Gesundheitsgefährdung durch Passivrauchen. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 92, B1986-B1987 (1995) www.aerzteblatt.de
( 23 ) Forth,W., D.Henschler, W.rummel, K. Starke: Allgemeine und spezielle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie. BI- wisssenschaftlicher Verlag Mannheim (1992)
( 34 ) Jöckel, K.-H.: Gesundhtsrisiken durch Passivrauchen. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 97, B2417-B2422 (2000)
( 35 ) Junge, B.: Tabak. Jahrbuch Sucht, 96, Hauotstelle gegen Suchtgefahren, Geesthacht (1995)
( 47 ) Nichtraucher info 29, www.nichtraucherschutz.de , www.nichtraucherschutz.de/NRI29nrifo29.html
( 48 ) Opitz, K., M. Horstmann: Nikotin. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 40, 1869-1873 (1981)
( 49 ) Pauling L.: Chemie - eine Einführung. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim/ Bergstarße (1962) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling
( 64 ) Sodan, P.: Klage gegen Rauchverbot hat kaum Chancen. www.welt.de vom 21Dec.2007
( 72 ) Vogt, J: Gefährlicher Mief auch in der guten Stube. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 82, 1493-1495 (1985)
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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http://sites.google.com/site/oekoradevormwald

[Felix Staratschek]

Types of waste for incineration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration

Anyone who applies these facts and information about tobacco to waste incineration will invitably be struck with fear. Compared to tobacco - a natural substance - significantly more toxins and pre- stages/ sources of toxin production flow into waste incernation plants (WIPs), all of which cannot but have the expectetd consequences, much as smoking does.

Types of waste intended for incineration
(Exept from: Positive catalogue of BKB hannover, now E.ON- Energy from waste)

#Plastics: from building demolation, vehicle shredders, offices, households, industrial scrap, electronic scrap

#Wood/ paper processing residues

#Used tires, industrial soot, chemney soot ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot )

#Waste from hospitals/ medical practices, veterinary waste

#Sludges, absorbent masses ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludge )

#Normal rubbish bin, road sweepings, sewer cleaning, soil clean- up

This table is merely an extract from the nine page "Positive catalogue" issued by the market leader BKB ( www.bkb-hannover.de ), now called "E.ON energy from Waste ( 22 ), which summerizes, what is acceptable as waste - to - energy (or refused- derived) fuel. Planned for incineration are:
**waste plastics ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic ) from the building services field, the light shredder fraction of end- ofd- life vehicles, contents of the yellow plastic bin (DSD- system: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duales_System_Deutschland) and waste plastics from industrial and electronic fields;

**wood: chipboard rests or leftovers of coated and impegnated wood, de- inking sludge from paper processing as well as other paints, varnishes, sealing materials, etc.;

**used tires, used actvated charcoal, soot from both private and industrials chimneys;

**from the veterinary fields: bandages, chemicals, expired medicines, animal carcasses and slaughterhouse waste;

**all sewage sludges from factories and communities, spent greases and oils;

**contents of normal rubbish bins, treated textiles and leather; waste from hazadous site redevelopment measuers, road sweepers and parks.

He revised version of the 17th Federal Ambient Pollution Control Ordinance (17. BImSchV) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BImSchV / http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BImSchV ) of 2003 also allows for the WIP incineration of waste requiering specific surveillance ( 71 ). This waste was formaly destinated for hazardous waste incernation plants (HWIP) and refers to waste containing more than 1% chlorine ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine ) in weight. The other halogens ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen ) bromine ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine ) and fluorine ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine ) unfortunately are not taken into consideration here, although it is comon knowledge that the plastic coating/ sheating or casings used in electronics often contain up to 8% bromine in weight in the form of fire protection agents. Such wastes also have been earmarked for incineration in WIPs at 1100°C since 2003. Since mixing this special waste with normal household waste causes the chlorin weight propotion to fall under 1%; incineration at 1100°C can be avoided, the combustion temperature ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion ) can be reduced to the more cost- effective "Higher than 850°C level, i.e., at WIP, not HWIP levels. The halogen emission problems, however, remain! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission

What these types of waste designated as "refuse- derived fuel", have in common is that they are....
##full of heavy metals ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Metal ) from paints, pigments or stabilizers;
##full of halogens from softeners, flame retardants and preservatives, or from absorbed pesticides, herbicides and insecticides;
##full of toxic substances which are the technical preliminaries of more powerful toxins.

Incineration "clears the air", they say. It gets rid of our waste in keeping with the motto, "Out of the sight, out of the mind"- at least that´s what the WIP operators think, and people in general like to think.

Or is it the other way round? Do this synthesis products of incineration go "out of sight" but then into our minds, into the liposome structures of our skin, nervous and immune sytems, into the food chain, into nature?

( 22 ) E.ON Energy from waste: Press Information. Hannover 8 April 2008. www.eon-energyfromwaste.com/Presse/466.aspx (2008)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.ON
( 71 ) Verordnung über Verbrennungsanlagen für Abfälle und ähnliche brennbare Stoffe. (17. BImSchV), BGBL.I, p. 1633 (2003) (under the SPD- grean party gouvernement from 1998 to 2005!, F.St.)
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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www.bpb.de/popup/popup_bild.html?guid=I3B1GJ
http://sites.google.com/site/oekoradevormwald

[Felix Staratschek]

Why are so many different types of waste earmarked for incineration?

Even if we had no better use for waste listed in the "Positive catalogue" by BKB other than incineration, the question arises as to why the high calorific value fraction - the good heat providers - is not incinerated seperately, i.e, plastic, tire, wood and paper waste on their own? Why are so many other poorly combustible products dumped into the bunker as well? Does this not reduce energy efficency unnecessarily, and does it not unnecessarily boost the variaty of emitted poisons as well?

There are two reasons, which force us to accept the co- incineration of wet an noncombustible waste:

1.) so that the grate (stoker) systems in a WIP are able to work in the first place;

2.) so that 17. BImSchV can be complied with through the cheapest possible methods.
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=BU9w9ZtiO8I
www.bpb.de/popup/popup_bild.html?guid=I3B1GJ
http://sites.google.com/site/oekoradevormwald

[Felix Staratschek]

On 1.) Incineration techniques

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration

a) Plastic ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic ) and tire ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire ) waste cannot be incinerated on their own in a stoker- fired furnace. they melt first and then changes into gas, whre they begin to burn. Everyone is familiar with this phenomen from burning candles. The candle wax initially forms a little lake around the wick before turning into gas and than burning together with the wick. Heating plastics over a grate also produces this initial viscous molten mass. This would stick to the grate and prevent controlling the combustion process, if it were not absorbed by sufficient incombustible inerts in the fuel ( 2 ). For this reasen, the contents of the (german) yellow plastic bin allways are incinerated together with contents of the normal rubbish bin. Doing without this absorbent mass during the plastic mellting process is impossible.

b) The higher the temperature in the furnace or boiler, the more aggressive the flue gas becomes - it attacks the plant walls corrosively. This partly can be compensated by the type of cooling air inflow used in the furnace ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace ) and the routing of the exhaust furnes; water vaporization has an additional cooling effect. Refused- derived fuel (waste- to- energy fuel), also referred to as substitute fuel as of late requires a larger low caloric value fraction than so- called "cooling scrap" ( 2 ).

Its water and inerts content, however, makes refuse- derived fuel a very inhomogeneous fuel. It is significantly more inhomogeneous than tobacco or coal, not to mention natural gas. The more inhomogeneous a fuel is, and the bigger differences in bulk density and flow resistance in the furnace are, the more impossible it becomes to atain complete incineration, total oxidation. In every WIP, even the most modern one, only incomplete combustion is possible. Evidence of this is the mere fact that, along with fully oxidized CO², every WIP also emits a considerable amount of carbon monoxid (CO). According to the 17 BImSchV only 50 mg/m³ are allowed!

Two indisputable facts on waste incineration just cannot be overlooked:
a) that merely partial combustion always takes place and
b) thermolysis ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermolysis ), which creates highly reactive radicals. These in turn combine preferably with halogens, i.e., chlorine, bromine and fluorine, to make new, often toxic compounds. Toxic substance formation is therefore never avoidable in a WIP!

( 2 ) Bank, M.: Basiswissen Umwelttechnik, Vogelverlag (1994)
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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[Felix Staratschek]

on 2.) Halogenated organic matter in WIPs instead of HWIPs?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen

Numerius halogenated organic substances are "high burners", i.e., not necessarily destroyable at temperatures from 850 to 1200°C. Hexachlorobenzene ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachlorobenzene ), as mentioned above (see Australia), doesn´t vaporize under 1200°C. For this reason Section 4 of 17. BImSchV demands that halogenated organic wastes containing more than 1% halogen in weight (calculatetd as Chlorine ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine )) be incinerated in a WIP at a minimum temperature of 1100°C. WIP conditions imply that such substances are frequently only partially destroyed and are thus direct preliminaries for polychlorinated dioxins ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin )/ Furans ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furan ) (PCCD/PCDF http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDD ), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDF ). As flue gas cleaning processes in WIP, compared with the systems in a specifically charged HWIP, are even less able to effectively handle the huge amount of flue gases, one can say that the extended waste spectrum for WIPs introduced in 2003 is bound to enhence the unavoidable creation of further toxins (see above).
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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[Felix Staratschek]

Are waste incineration plants (WIPs) disposal plants or synthesis plants?

The book, The Magic Furnace. The Search for the Origin of Atoms ( 18 ), beginns with the folowing words:

"Every breath you take contains atoms forged in the blistering flames deep inside stars. Every flower you pick contains atoms blasted into space by stellar explosions that blazed brighter than a billion suns. Every book you read contains atoms blown across unimaginable gulfs of space and time by the wind between the stars.

And then continues:

The iron in your blood, the calcium in your bones, the oxygen that fills your lungs each time you take a breath - all were baked in the fiery ovens deep within stars and blown into space when those stars grew old, and perished. Every one of us is a memorial to long- dead stars. Every one of us was quite literally made in heaven.

That atoms, which built Planet Earth, that matter cannot be destroyed, but merely combined in different ways, forming new molecules, couldn´t be described more impressively and vividly.

We are familiar with the imagination of things simply disappearing after combustion - but that´s wrong. They just change their form and composition - just as the cigarette mentioned above becomes shorter without "losing" a single atom. The atoms are made available for chemical reaction, e.g., with the atmospheric oxygen or with the chlorine from the table salt, or with the great variety of other substances. All these reactions start with the lighted match.

All combustion plants, WIPs included, are chemical reactors, synhesizing reactors ( 29 ). We tend to ignore these reactions and their products, since we are normaly just interested in the heat released for the purpose of driving turbines, generating process steam, heating rooms, producing products, or simpply vaporizing nicotine from cigarettes.

But it remains the same: combustion plants - and incineration plants (WIPs) in particular - are chemical reactors where new substances are synthesized. However, the chemical syntheses in these plants do not proceed in a planned or controlled way, but very chaotically, driven by the flames. Countless reaction products evolve, many of them ar poisonous to plants, animals and humans. Either they are directly toxic or they appear in toxic concentrations. They irrevversibly mobilize and spread out through nature in fine particles.

Actually, nature did the opposite to enable life on earth: It used initially overbundant CO² for the growth of plants, of graet primeval forests, and banished it below surface in the form of coal, oil and natural gas. Exess heavy metals in dust and surface water were deposited as ores beneth Earth´s surface.

By burning, burnimg and burning still more, we are revoking nature´s life- giving wisdeom and acutely endangering our lives by creating a disorder of combustion products (entropy increace). By operating WIPs we are forcing evolution to go backwards ( 56 )!

It would be better and more worthy of civilized people to follow nature´s example and recycle as much material as possibled.

In the large- scale furnaces typical of WIPs, approximately 10²6 to 10²8 fuel molecueles react with the equivalent amount of atmospheric oxygen molecules each secound ( 29 ). Even larger is the number of other reactions activated by the heat of oxidations, e.g., radical reactions and radical chain reactions as described above.These radicals must react in the blink of an eye, i.e., approach to within a micrometer of each other - the free lengst of path for molecular motion. Turbulences activatetd by the conflagration bring reactants together, more or less often, in a chaotic way. In another twinkling of an eye they have to leave through the flue gas ducts and go out the chimney in streams up to one meter thick. Reaction products of combustion processes in flue gass ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas ), ash ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash ) and slag ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag ) were never healthy![/b]

( 18 ) Cown, M.: Die Suche nach dem Ursprung der Atome. Matrix Verlag, Wiesbaden (2004) Quoted English edition: The Magic Furnace. The search for the Origin of Atoms. Vintage (2000) pp1-2
( 29 ) Günther, R.: Kraftwerksfeuerungen und Umwelt. Sektrum der Wissenschaft, 70-82 (1988)
( 56 ) Rosin, H.: Kryo- Recycling und Kreislaufwirtschaft - das Verlangen nach Zukunft. Bürgerbewegung für Kryo- Recycling und Kreislaufwirtschaft e.V., Dokumentation of the international Congress, Haale/ Saale, Germany (4 June 2006) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rosin , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rosin
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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[Felix Staratschek]

What happens with the countless reaction products from waste incineration plants (WIPs)?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration

Since matter cannot be destroyed by earthly fire (see above), since all atoms input into the WIP - refused- derived fuel plus combustion air flue gas cleaning agents - necessarily will come out of WIP again, we have to analyze where and in the form of which conversion products they then can be found. Since matter is nothing else but energy (E=mc²), lets beginn by analyzing the energy balance.
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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[Felix Staratschek]

Energy balance, themal emissions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_balance

We especially have to consider that about one third (in weight) of refused- derived fuel is water, that needs to be vaporized before the fuel begins to burn. Heating up water to 100°C, where vaporazing begins, requires a great deal of energy: 2253 kilojoule per liter ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule ). The same amount of energy would be needed to lift one liter of water ub to a height of 230 km ( 26 ). The energy to vaporize the many tons of water in refused- derived fuel ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel ) is consumed in the WIP without producing any beneficial effect - it´s blown out of the chimney. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

Another third of the refused- derived fuel consists of incombastible mineral or metal fractions that become heatet about 250 to 850°C in the WIP (1200°C in HWIPs) and are then converted to porous slag ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag ) and Ash ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash). The energy needed for this conversion process is also lost from the energy recovered from the fuel. Hot slags and residues from flue gas cleaning ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution ) substantially contributs to the energy losses and the bad energy balance of WIPs.

Large WIPs in continuous operation emit enormous amounts of technically unusable heat ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat ), waste heat, day and night, from thermal radiation, convection and conduction. Most of the heat generated in WIPs cannot be used to produce electricity or process steam due to technical constraints. Above all, WIPs produce waste heat - useless thermal emissions. Especially in our times, where tremendous regional climate changes induced by global warming take millions of victims, this technique is unacceptable - it is realy obsolete!

There is an enormous process- specific energy losses occurning the combustion ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion ) of plastics ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic ) under the existing condition in WIPs - and as antithesis the energy gained by material recycling, especially by the use of an efficent refrigeration technique. Plastics are not just "cuttable oil", as propagated by the WIP lobby. An average 80,000 kilojoule of energy per kg must be expended until the required oil ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol , http://en.wikipedia.org/Oil ) is produced, refined and synthesized to a polymer ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer ). Afterwards, several additives are needed to finally get the molding batch as required for the polymer product. All energy used for the different production processes is lost to incineration. The remaining energy is represented by the calorific value of the oil contained in the polymer. However, not by the upper/ gross value (H°) of about 40,000 kilojoule/kg as often stated by the WIP lobby.

Beside waste plastic, lots of incombustible materials, like water, broken pottery, metals, glass, stones, etc. are included in residual waste. All these are heatet for nothing. The energy loss is responsible for decrease of the theoretical upper/ gross calorific value (H°) to the effective lower/ net caleforific (Hu) of about 9000 kilojoule/kg. In addition, losses attributable to the technical process have to be take in acount. In the end, for electricity production around 4000 kilojoule/kg remain - about 5% of the energy originally contained in the plastic. Of that, another 30 % must be deducted for the WIP´s own power requirements, plus the fuel oil needed for backup firing (an average 30 liters per ton waste). So the electricity yield is very smal.

We have to ask ourselfs why electricity utility companies are so interested in waste incineration. They gain economic advantages from long contract periods of 25 to 30 years (until armortization) and espesially from the buisiness of synthesizing new plastic to replace burned plastics. It ensures high energy consumption! Recycling would reduce the demand for new synthesis by conserving the material of old plastics. Recent studies employing lifecycle assessments lead to the same results ( 57 )

( 26 ) Gerthsen, Ch., H.Vogel: Physik. Springer Lehrbuch (1993)
( 57 ) Ross, St., D.Evans: The enviromental effect of reusing and recycling a plastic based packaging system. J. Cleaner Pro. 11, 561-571 (2003)
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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[Felix Staratschek]

Fuel gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_gas

For evers single ton of waste combusted inside waste incineration plants (WIPs), 5000 to 8000 cubic meters of flue gas leave the stack, i.e., five to eight tons per ton of waste ( 2) . As mentioned above, it contains a lot of steam due to the high water content of refused derived fuel. the often softened expression "alternative fuel" doesn´t change that.

As it cools down in the surrounding air, the steam condenses to white clouds. Members of citizenns´action groups have heard well known toxicologists praising these clouds as "clean air" from "modern WIPS" in an effort to show that the German 17th Federal Ambient Pollution control Ordinance ( http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BImSchV ) give WIPS a clean bill of health.

Actually the fuel includes many
acid ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid ) and
base formers ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_%28chemisty%29 ),
halogens ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen ) and other
water- soluble substance that will soon fall to earth again as acid rain ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain ). Back on the ground they disturb sensitive soil life ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil ) impairing osmotic processes in the edaphon ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edaphon , http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edaphon ) (earthworms, other smallest animals and microorganisms in the soil) to such an extent that soil fertillity decreases ( 63 ). This not only affects the forests (in the form of the so- calles death of forests), but all plants, including those in our fields and gardens; it reduces healthy plants diversity.

Figure 4 (in the book) intentionally illustrates a WIP as a burning cigarette. The remark under the trash can points out that refused derived fuel differs considerably from commen, much mor homogeneous fuels like coal, oil or gas, because it contains far more mobilizable heavy metals ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_%28chemistry%29 ),
halogens and
primary toxins or
technical pre- stages of toxin formation. Moreover, its inhomogeneity causes incomplete combustion and thus favors the fromation of toxic substances.
The huge number of chemical reactions (more than 10²6 per second/ 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) taking place inside the furnace ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace ) and the cooling phase during flue gas cleaning already were mentioned above ( 29 ).

The 17th Federal Ambient Pollution Control Ordinance (17. BImSchV) is supposed to officially guarantee that this flue gas plume will have no appreciable or additional impact on rural areas (clean air areas). Even for the well known "super" poison dioxin ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin ) it specifies maximum emissions lower than 0.1 nanograms/m³. Is it just a marketing trick? Does the WIP lobby believe that we don´t care about other toxins like
aldehydes ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde ),
peroxides ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxide ),
benzeenes ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene ),
phenols ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol ) or
PAH ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAH )?
That the quality of flue gas cleaning is acceptable just because PCDD ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDD )/ PCDF ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDF ) emissions are determined to a value that´s not worth mentioning?

The countless poisonous reaction products of WIPs will not be stopped by pertinent ordinances, neither in Germany nor in Europe, nor anywhere else in the world!

( 2 ) Bank, M.: Basiswisen Umwelttechnik, Vogel Verlag (1994)
( 29 ) Günther, R.:Kraftwerksfeuerungen und Umwelt. Spektrum der Wissenschaft, 70-82 (1988)
( 63 ) Seifert, A.:Gärtnern, Ackern - ohne Gift. Biederstein-Verlag (1973)
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Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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[Felix Staratschek]

Slags, ashes, filter dusts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas

Even if we believe in the high effency of flue gas cleaning, we have to conclude from the facts described so far
(incomplete combustion ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion ),
uncontrollable radicals ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radicals ),
halogenation ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenation ) with a
high degree of toxin formation)
that it simply transforms the toxins from gases into solids like slags, ashes and filter dusts. Could that be acceptetd without reservation? Certainly not!
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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[Felix Staratschek]

Slag of waste incineration plants (WIPs)

The WIP lobby likes to label slag "inert", i.e. ecologically compatible and recommends it as high- quality construction material, e.g., for road construction.

This is definitely wrong and deveicing! Slags arise in the furmace ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace ) through partial outgassing ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outgassing ) of solids. A crumby, highly porous material remains behind. It becomes separated by passing the grate and is shock cooled with water outside the furnace. In this state the surface of the slag mass really is inert - but only the surface! The inner pores do not consist of vacuum: they are filled with parts of highly toxic flue gas.

A reddish- brown slag calles "Marberger Kieselrot" (Marsberg, a smal city in Germany, Nordrhein Westaflen) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieselrot / http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieselrot ) that was used to surface running lanes on sport fields has gained notoriety ( 45 ). The original material come from Marsberg ( www.marsberg.de ), where between 1937 and 1945 low- quality copper ores were mixed with rock salt (NaCl) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaCl ) and heated to 600°C to obtain copper concentrate. At the beginning the reddish-brown redidues were deposited on a neighboring slagheap. Later - until 1968 - about 400,000 tons were sold to sport grounds as "Kieselrot". Then it was recognized that slag particles break under the load of sports and under the influence of weathering, allowing emissions of considerable amounts of dioxins ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin ). The PCDD/ PCDF content varied between 10,000 and 100,000 nanograms/kg International Toxic Equivalents (I-Eq) ( 45 )
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDD
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDF
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_toxic_equivalent

When our WIP- praising, slag- inertization toxicologists were confronted with these and similar facts during public discussions, the only thing they could think of was to recommend vitrification ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrification ) of slag. Vitrification means bonding slag in solid glass masses before disposal under ground. of course, this idea has long since been "cancelled" as to expansive by the managers who have to ensure the groth of sales of WIPs. Now the slag is simply called "inert" again. It is to be used as base course in road construction. For a certain while this may work without toxic effects. But sillicon oxides ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_oxide ) and metal oxides ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_oxide ) within the slag are unstable and highly reactive when rainwater seeping through defective road surfaces reaches them. Taking this into account, after a legal dispute with the bavarian enviroment ministry in January 1995 a Munich regional court set penalties for use of slag in road construction ( 52 ).

( 45 ) Mühlendahl, K.E.: Dioxin auf Spotplatzen. Sozialpädiatrie 14, 481 (1992)
( 52 ) Pobst, R.: Schlacke ist Abfall und kein Baustoff, Süddeutsche Zeitung 11 Jan.1995 www.sueddeutsche.de
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[Felix Staratschek]

Fly ash, filter dusts of waste incineration plants (WIPs)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_ash
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filterdust
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration

Fly ash and filter dusts generated in WIPs are so rich in heavy metal ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_(cemistry) ) and organic toxins that they indisputably can be called "highlly toxic". The contained oganic toxins even include halogenated dioxins/ furans; not just PCDD/ PCDF, but also brominated
( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine ) and fluorinated ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluor ) mixtures generated by catalytic process on metallic surfaces. The intention is to store these long- term poisons in empty undergound salt mines, similar to radioactive waste, but not as expensively packaged. This gives the reason to a long- term toxic problem due to the threat to groundwater (much the same as in the case of nuclear wastes). Consequently, the anti- nuclear movement would have to be an active anti- WIP movement as well.

www.atomausstiegselbermachen.de (Energy without nuclear power in Germany)
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