[Felix Staratschek]

What is the protective function of the 17th Federal Ambient_Pollution Control Ordinance ?

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BImSchV

Every kind of flue gas ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas ), exhaust gas ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gas ), waste gas is used, filthy, poisonous air! The air we breathe, the lower layer of the atmosphere - the troposphere ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troposphere ) - is just a very thin layer around the earth as confirmed by every astronaut after a space mission. It is a sensitive and limited resource! Several Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control (Ta Luft http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TA_Luft ) were introduced for German industrý in order to prevent heavy pollution ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution ) by large combustion plants ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion ). The 17th Federal Ambient Pollution Ordinance (17. BImSchV) for prevention of noxious enviromental impacts of air pollution ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ), especially through WIPs, was established in 1990 ( 71 ). In the year 2003 (government of Social Democrats and Green Party from 1998 to 2005, F.St.) it was released as regulation for implementing the Federal Ambient Pollution Controll Act in waste (co-) incineration plants (WIPs) ( 71 ). The current version is a bit tougher compared to the initial version of 1990. New are long-term measurements of mercury (Hg) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 ) (because it is hardly used for batteries any more) and intermittent measurements of certain heavy mettals ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_%28chemistry%29 ).

No doubt, the Federal Ambient Pollution Control Act, the TA luft, 17. MImSchV and similar laws for motor vehicle traffic represent achievments and perform valuable services. Nevertheless, the atmosphere - and the troposphere particular - are not in their natural equilibrium anymore. We human beings, who daily breathe about 10,000 liters of air and absorb it by means of more than 80 m² of gas exchange surface in our lungs, suffer from a variety of diseases like
asthma ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma ),
allergies ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy ) and
tumors ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor )
caused by air pollution. But also huge enviromental systems - even the oceans - are approaching the end of their capacity to buffeer airborne changes. The input of CO² ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO2 ) - actually carbonic acid ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_acid ) - and other acids ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid ) is just to high. The oceans ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean ) acidify, as clearly documented by the worldwide extinction of the corals ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral ).

The 17th Federal Ambient pollution Control Ordinance as well cannot prevent the emissions from WIPs. As formulated in these regulations, they seek to limit air pollution due to WIP fue gases by transforming the bulk of toxins into solid forms and depositing them underground. In section 7 this process is called "utilization or elimination without negative impact on the public". Unclear definitions like that are used to cover things up and calm down apprehensive citizens.

( 71 ) Verordnung über die Verbrennung und Mitverbrennung von Abfällen. (Revised version of 17. BImSchV), BGBl.l,p.1633 (2003)
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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[Felix Staratschek]

"Total" dust

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust

According to Section 5 Par. 1 No. 1 of the 17th Federal Ambient Pollution Control Ordinance (17. BImSchV) the parameter "total dust" is be observed continously. No daily average value may exceed 10 milligrams/m³, no half- hour average may 30 milligrams/m³.

But how is "total" dust defined? One would think it is the total amount of all dust particles, no matter how small they are. Critics ask for more details: Does this refer to coarse dust? From what particlesize on - 20 micrometers, 10 micrometers diameters? Are fine (respirable) dust particles from 0.1 to 10 micrometers diameter included, or even finest dust less than 0.1 micrometer in diameter? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometer

"Total" dust is a more or less antiquated technical term. The German "TA Luft" ( http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TA_Luft ) established 1974 distinguishes between total dust and fine dust and sets a particle size of 10 micrometers as the upper limit of fine dust ( 15 ).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_dust

Hence, the measured parameter "total" dust comprises mainly coarse dust (bigger than 10 micrometers). The continous observing of htis dust fracrion is the most convenient for measuring purposes ( 2 )

Today we know that fine and finest dust is considerably more relevant to health than coarse dust. Particles of fine and finest dust are still big enough to effectively transport very problematic molecules of heavy metals ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_%28chemistry%29 ), dioxins ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin ) or asbestos fibres ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos ). In this context Dr. D.H.Buss emphasized the special danger of contaminated nanoparticles ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticle )due to their high mobility in tissues and cells ( 14 ).

A more diversified categorization of the quality of dust emissions should have been established with the update of 17. BImSchV in the year 2003 at latest. Today we have to demand as definite quality features of laws and regulations targeting the damaging effects of flue gases: the detailed assessment of coarse, fine and finest dust, if necessary also ultrafine dust, and their distribution according to particle size and chemical composition.

Temporal and local fluctuations of dust charges in the large cross- sections of the flue gas streams occuring in WIPs also should have been considered in the present legal and technical standards. Suitable recommendations and measurement procedures are definitely available, as described below. But apparently it was convenient to use the word "total" to let the people think that the total dust emissions of "modern WIPs" are insignificant.

( 2 ) Bank, M.:Basiswissen Umwelttechnik. Vogel Verlag (1994)
( 14 ) Buss, H.D.: Das wahre Problem wird übersehen. Göttinger Wochenzeitung 24 march 2006
( 15 ) büttner, H., F. Ebert: Messung der Staubbelastung in strömenden Gasen. GIT, 37-40, Supplement 5 (1987)
_________________
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[Felix Staratschek]

"Organic substances denoted as "total" carbon"

Another parameter is called "organic substances denoted as total carbon". Similar to dust, it should also be observed continuously according to 17. BImSchV ( http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BImSchV ). No daily average value may exceed 10 milligrams/m³, no half- hour average may exceed 20 milligrams/m³.

It sounds like this parameter sums up all emitted hydrocarbon ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon ) compounds. But the meaningfulness of this total parameter is open to doubt too. The word "soot" ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot ) doesn´t even exist in the 17. BImSchV. Appearently its "clean bill of health" image would be disturbed.

Detailed analyses brought to light a considerable line-up of
hydrocabons -
benzenes ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene ),
phenols ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol ),
aldehyde ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aldehyde ) and their halogented derivatives
polychlorinated biphenyls ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCB ) as well as some
polychorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (PAK or PAH, respectively/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAK , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAH )
- which unfortunately are not directly monitred under 17. BImSchV.

Prof. Dr. Otmar Wassermann ( http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmar_Wassermann / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmar_Wassermann ), toxicologist from Kiel, North- Germany, provided evidence of a variaty of organic substances - among them some very problematic ones - when his team analyzed samples using different methods ( 73 )( 75 ). Dr. Kruse confirmed these results during a German TV- show, Monitor in 2007 ( 32 ). But again the choise of words "originally bound total carbon" in combination with a low critcal value helps to play down the noxious relevance of waste incineration plant (WIP) emissions. Prof. Wassermann graphically illustrated the minimal significance of the stipulations contained in 17. BImSchV, and the dangerous "black box" character of flue gas ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas ) from WIPs, by comparing them to a deep black spot that´s brightened up just a little bit by the "clean bill of health"presented by 17. BImSchV. (Or like the white cursor on a black computer- window, F.ST).

Suitable verification procedures for further elucidation of the "black box" have been developed long ago ( 27 )( 33 ). But it seems that for marketing reasons it wasn´t opportune to properly include them in the 17. BImSchV, with one exception: polychlorinated dioxins/ furans ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCCD / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDF ), which are recognized as "super poisons" by the public. For this group of 210 different sustances (so called congeners) a very strict critical value less than 0.1 nanograms/m³ was determinated. But which kinds of dioxins/ furans actually are meant remains unclear ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furan ). Really all of them? like those on soot particles, whre they mainly can be found? Or only those in the water- vapor- rich phase of flue gas, where as hydrophobic melecules they hardly occur at all? ( 56 )

( 27 ) Görner, K.; K. Hübner: Gasreinigung und Luftreinhaltung. Springer (VDI- Buch) 2002 www.vdi.de
( 32 ) Hötte, R., F.Überall, E. Penev: Müllöfen der welt - das luktarive Geschäft mit dem Importmüll. Monitor No. 562 (3 May 2007)
( 33 ) HÜTTE: Umweltschutztechnik. Springer 1999
( 56 ) Rosin, H.: Kryo- Recycling und Kreislaufwirtschaft - das Verlangen nach Zukunft. Bürgerbewegung für Kryo- Recycling und Kreislaufwirtschaft e.V. www.total-recycling.org , Documentation of the internatinal congress in Halle / Saale, Germany (4 June 2006)
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rosin / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rosin
( 73 ) Wassermann, O.: Warum sind Müllverbrennungsanlagen Giftschleudern? Bürgerbew. f. Kryo- Recycling z. K., Congress "Recyclen statt Verbrennen" Gelsenkirchen 20 march 2004)
www.total-recycling.org/de/content/view/27/62/
( 75 ) Wienecke, J., H. Kruse, O. Wassermann: Organic compounds in the waste Gasification and Combustion Process. Chemosphere 25, 437-447 (1992)
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmar_Wassermann / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmar_Wassermann
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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[Felix Staratschek]

Polychlorinated dioxins/furans (PCCD/PCCF)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCCD
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDF

The real problem of dioxin measurement begin previous to the analysis: it has to do with the extremely high adhesion especially of the most poisonous dioxins - the so called Seveso poisons ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seveso_disaster ) - to the surface of fine dusts ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust ) and Soot particles ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot ).

Nobody can say for sure that routinely conducted elution ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elution ) and extraction really completely bring all 210 possible dioxins/ furans out of the dust and soot. Due to its high adhesion ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion ) a considerable uncertainly factor remains; the amount of emissions is understimated.

In other words: The technical analysis method itsself, the high- resolution das chromatography ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chromatography ) and subsequent mass spectrometry ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry ) (HRGC/HRMS), are highly developed and provide reproducible results. But a considerable amount of dioxin molecules cannot be measured since they remain in the nooks and crannies of the rough surfaces of dust and especially soot particles, in spite of the use of elution technique ( 44 )( 66 ).

In cooler areas of the furnace and during the cool down phase of flue gas clearing, these molecules are driven with very great force into the deepest recesses of the fine dust and soot particles. There the planar and symmetrical molecules adher almost inseparably. A comparison with the structure of the famous natural dye indigo ( http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo ), which still shines in intense colors even on an ancient and often washed Persian carpet might be helpfull. (in the book, the strcture is shown. Pleace look do Wikipedia, F. St.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCDD
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCDF

The error is not reduced by subsequent addition to the sample of an internal standard (13C marked dioxin congeners) as quantitative reference value, because this standard substance can much more easily be eluated than the dioxins/ furans driven into the dust and soot particles in the waste incineration plant (WIP) ( 44 ). Hence, the gas chromatographic peaks of the sample usually are too low compared with the peaks of the standard substances, i.e., they are actuelly wrong, even if the analysis after extraction was carried out accurately (see below).

( 44 ) Lützke, K. Emissionsmessung von PCDD und PCDF. In: VDI- Berichte 634, Dioxin, VDI- Verlag, Düsseldorf (1987) www.vdi.de
( 66 ) Thies, J., H.Weis, M. Neupert, B. Stock: Praxis der PCDD/PCDF- Spurenbestimmung in einem analytischen Laboratorium der chemischen Industrie. VDI- Berichte 634, Dioxin, p. 125, VDI- Verlag, Düsseldorf (1987)
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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[Felix Staratschek]

What does the incinerator lobby say about it?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration

The waste incinerator lobby claims, self-servingly and not entirely correctly, that incineration is stipulated by the Technical Instructions on Municipal Solid waste. The organic part of residual waste can also be reduced to the demanded degree (ignition loss of less than 5%) by material recycling with good biological-mechanical treatment (BMT).

The incinerator lobby inveigles critics by stressing that if waste were not used as energy source more fossil primary energy - crude oil and natural gas - would have to be used.

There are three tings the lobby does not tell them:

1.) Oil and gas fired power plants work much more efficiently than thermal recovery refuse incineration plants.

2.) Burning plastics does not save oil imports but forces oil imports for new synthesis.

3.) Too high a price is paid for the low efficiency of a waste- to- energy plant (approx. 5% as electricity) in the form of chronic environmental and mass poisoning.

The expansion of numbers of WIPs in Germany and worldwide is so well prepared propagandistically that one can even hear statements like this today: "In waste incineration the state- of- the- art plants remove nearly all pollutants from the environment and make an important contribution to environment and climate protection because the production of energy is mostly free of carbon dioxide." ( 22 )

Expensive waste incineration has led in many places to a rise in refuse collection charges. To keep the costs from skyrocketing, behind the scenes it was ensured that cheapjack methods of flue gas cleaning and slag and ash disposal are accepted and that WIPs do not have to pay fpr their CO² emissions and are excluded from emissions trading.

Unfortunately, a lot of top toxicologists, enviromental hygienists and occupational health specialists have been helping as appraisers for the last 15 Years (2008) to increace the general acceptance of waste incineration plants. Prof. Dr. med. Thomas Eikmann, Director of the Institute for Hygiene and Enviromenttal Medicine of the Justus Liebig University, Gießen ( www.uni-giessen.de ), and president of the Society for Hygiene, Enviromental Medicine and Preventive Medicine, summerize the opinion of this group in the No.01/2008 issue of "RECYCLINGmagazin", which is preferably read by waste management companies ( 21 ). The text of the contribution is cited extensively below.

Do Waste Incineratien Plants (WIPs), MNT plants and HWIPs make people sick?
by: Prof. Dr. Th. Eikmann and Dr. Sabine Eikmann
RECYCLINF magazin 01/2008

>> 17. BImSchV = world´s strictest emission limits for WIPs

>> State- of- the- art WIPs = those that meet and freequently beat the standard owing to sophisticated filter technology

>> Pollutants are safely made inert or removed by high- grade flue gas cleaning systems: German WIPs 0 pollutant sinks

>> Metals recycled, slag recycled after treatment

>> Smal quantities of flue gas cleaning residues underground

>>Standards for pollutant levels in food plants adhered to

>>Indication of spread of Cancer, respiratory diseases and allergies implausible for Germany if standards are observed

>> WIPs add no pollution to existing pollution

Under the title "worlds most rigorous standards", Prof Eikmann and his wife write literally:
"With a regulation for incinerator plants for refuse and similar burnable material - the 17th Federal Ambient Pollution Control Ordinance (17.BImSchV http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BImSchV ) - a regulation came to effect which stipulated for waste incineration plants in Germany the worldwide harshest emission limits especially for dioxins and furans (0.1 ng/m³) as well as for heavy metals. a transition period of six years was fixed for existing plants at least had to meet the specified standards. WIPs thus became a real "pollutant sink". Using thermal waste treatment, nowdays the organic waste constituents are safely destroyed and other harmful substances made inert or separated by high- grade flue gas cleaning. As side effects, the metals in the waste are separated for recycling, the generated slag can be utilized after processing, and energy in the form of electricity and heat can be used. Only smal amounts of flue gas residuals must be disposed of as waste. This is normally done underground.

If the emission limits of 17. BImSchV are observed, the existing pollution concentration (primary load) are not changed, or only insignificantly changed, by the additional emissions (additive load) from WIPs.

Several publications have shown meanwhile that modern filter technology not only is able to comply with the standards of the 17. BImSchV without any difficulty, but even can do better often significantly better. The degree of separation normally ranges from 60% (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) to distinctly more than 99% in certain cases (dioxins and furans). State- of- the- art waste incineration plants in Germany therefore should be classified as classic pollutant sinks."

And they Continued:

"Recent studies and assessments of the emissions and pollution input from a hazardous waste incineration plant (HWIP) have shown very clearly that even after decades of operation of such a plant no relevant accumulation of pollutants in the different environmetal media has been caused. In the examined food plants all valid standards for pollutant concentration in foods were adhered to."

The couple Drs. Eikmann takes up unchanged the line of argumentation which was brought forward in 1993 by a small but high- ranking group of other hygienists and toxicologists as an "indisputable position" regarding incineration ( 70 ).

This task force declared in the name of the Scientific Advisory Council of German Medical Association: "The undertaken assessment shows that the expectable health riisks due to the operation of waste incineration plants (WIPs) which comlpy with the current standard of technology are extremly low and can therefore be classified as negligible for the population living in the vicinity of such plants."

The task force substantiated its so "indisputable position" in a strange and disconcertingly formalistic manner by simply saying, in so many words: State- of- the- art waste incineration plants are those that meet the standards of the 17th Federal Ambient Pollution Control Ordinance. They then assumed that the stipulated standards had been met and on this basis calculated that with a stack- related dilution factor of 1:500,000 for long- term loading and with a dilution factor 1:1000 for short- term loading "no health risks are exceptet."

The style and content of this statement confused and appalled us all. Fierce protest and counterstatements were the immediate consequence ( 20 ). They were also incorporated into the troubling book "Käufliche Wissenschaft / Science for sale, about a scandal with wood preservatives) in a chapter written by toxicologist Prof. O. Wassermann from Kiel ( http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmar_Wassermann / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmar_Wassermann ): "Big business waste incineration and the role of the obliging appraisers." ( 12 )

The above- mentioned "indisputable position" of Drs. Eikmann and the task force of the german Medical Association immediately called to mind the questionable phrases: "What must not be, cannot be!" Amazing is only that this notion became reality. There are WIPs of different ages and with different flue cleaning systems, but all have on their files since 1995 at the latest only laboratory values below the limit set by 17. BImSchV. Also the managers of WIPs under construction swear by all that is holy to them that their plants will comply under all circumstances with the 17. BImSchV. The operators obviously can rely on the testing laboratories "posted", i.e., dictated, in Section 13 of the 17th Federal Ambient Pollution Control Ordinance and section 26 of the Federal Ambient pollution Control Act.

It was different before this regulation, when international studies still were carried on in this area and the broad spectrum of research institutes were not yet exclused from the monitoring of waste incineration plants (WIPs). It is still different even now, for example, in veterinary medicine and in animal feed inspection, where the path of the entry of dioxins into animal products and feedstuffs is researched ( 36 ), because in agriculture it is about salable products! At seminars on these topics it was still reported even in 2006 that animals for slaughter which consume espacially large amounts of soil while grazing are especially polluted. Also, free range chicken eggs and barn eggs from location close to emitters can show higher dioxin levels, etc. ( 24 )

( 12 ) Bultmann, A., F. Schmithals (ed): Käufliche Wissenschaft. Experten im Dienst der Industrie und Politik. Knaur, Munich (1994)
( 21 ) Eikmann, Th., S. Eikmann: Machen MVA, MBA und SVA die Menschen krank? RECYCLINGmagazin 24-25 (2008)
( 22 ) E.ON Energy from Waste: Press Information. Hannover 8 April 2008. www.eon-energyfromwaste.com/Presse/466.aspx
( 24 ) Fürst, P.:Gehalte und Bewertung in Lebensmitteln. WHO-Centre- Seminar Umwelthygiene 34, 10 Feb. 2006, www.tiho-hannover.de
( 36 ) Kamphues, J.: Wirtschaftseigenes Risikomanagement - Möglichkeiten und Risiken. WHO Centre Seminar Umwelthygiene 34, 10 Feb. 2006, www.tiho-hannover.de
( 70 ) Verordnung über Verbrennungsanlagen für Abfälle und ähnliche brennbare Stoffe. (17. BImSchV), BGBl.l, p. 2545 (1990)
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Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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[Felix Staratschek]

What do egineers and chemists say?

The various types of incineration technology ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration ) and flue gas cleaning (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas ) which were researched are described in detail, including advantages and disadvantages, in several specialists books and textbooks about waste management and enviromental technology (e.g.( 2 )( 7 )( 10 )( 38 ).

The particulary difficult subject of the formation, measurement and enviromental importance of PCDD/ PCDF ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDD / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDF ) was discussed by experts led by the Association of German Engineers (VDI www.vdi.de )and was summarized in two detailed conference transcripts ( 68 )( 69 ).
The VDI assumed that "the pressure on the enviromment caused by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans could pose a serious danger to humans and animals. These substances are exclusively byproducts of the production of chlorine- based chemicals ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine ) or the result of incomplete incineration. The PCDDs and PCDFs reach the environment from both sources. They can be found practically everywhere - in the air, in the soil, in the water, in animal feed and in humans." There was no proof of halogenated dioxins in the environment until about 1920. They have been spreading since 1950 or so. As these substances are not used for anything and are useless, too, everything must be done to ensure that they vanish from our environment, from our food and from us.

( 2 ) Bank, M.: Basiswissen Umwelttechnik. vogel verlag (1994)
( 7 ) Bilitewski, B., G.Härdtle, K. Marek: Abfallwirtschaft. Springer, Berlin (1990)
( 10 ) Brauer, H.: handbuch des Umweltschutzes und der Umwelttechnik. Springer, Berlin (1996)
( 38 ) Koch, R.: Umweltchemikalien. VCH, Weinheim (1995)
( 68 ) VDI- Schriftenreihe, Vol. 3: Dioxine - Vorkommen, Bestimmung, Bewertung, entsorgung. Essen (1986)
( 69 ) VDI- Berichte 634: Dioxin - eine technische, analytische, ökologische und toxikologische Herausforderung. VDI- Verlag, Düsseldorf (1987) www.vdi.de
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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[Felix Staratschek]

(a) Formation of PCDD/PCDF

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDD
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDF

Sometimes the waste incineration plants (WIP) lobby shows tendencies to attribute a certain decline in dioxin/ furan concentrations in the environment - even in samples of mother milk ( 6 ) - to the fact that WIPs are "pollutant sinks", saying that this decline in recent years must be credited to waste incineration ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration ).

At VDI- conferences ( www.vdi.de ) such arguments would have been contradicted strongly and countered with the referance to the ban on leaded premium fuel ( 13 ). Apart from lead tetraalkyl compounds ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraalkyl ) used at antiknock agents ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiknock_agent ), this fuel contained halogeneted scavenger compounds ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenger ), a mixture of dibromoethane and dicloroethane ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibromoethane / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroethane ). They were supposed to prevent lead residues in the engine ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead ). However, studies have since proved that among other things, brominated/chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans were formed in the process. So the leaded fuel was quickly banned - not only because of the lead emissions. This explains a certain decline in the dioxin concentrations in the environment samples. But this should not be increased again by more WIPs!

Both VDI conferences confirmed that 210 isomeres (=congeners) of dioxins/furans there are probably just as many with bromine or fluorinesubstitution or mixed halogenated dioxins/furans ( 13 )( 67 ). Their toxicity was estimated as being just as high or even higher. there is no information available on the toxicity of the mixed dioxins/ furans containing chlorine plus bomine ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine ), and possibly plus fluorine ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine ). The medical experts from the WIP lobby unfortunately have never mentioned these brominated, fluorinated and mixed dioxins/ furans ( 21 )( 76 ). From the medical point of view this is a grave omission.

This could be an omission with legal consequences, because the official control laboratories for WIPs only test for chlorinated dioxins/ furans. They ignore the compounds ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound ) with bromine and fluorine, which are just as relevant to our health and probably more toxic. The chemists and engineers at the VDI conferences also discribe several chemical processes which can lead to the formation of chlorinated dioxins: condensation reactions, substitution reactions, or at higher tempeartures even the dechlorination of higher chlorinated PCDD/ PCDF to the four- substituted Seveso poisons ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seveso_disaster ) ( 37 ).

In their own words:

"One further important chain of reaction which leads to the formation of PCDD and PCDF is radical reactions. This process is of importance when burning organic material in the presence of organic (inorganic) chlorinated compounds at temperatures of 300-600°C.

If we look at the reaction products of combustion, we observe that along with the main products of combustion (CO², CO, H²O, HCl), in particular aromatic hydrocarbons ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon ) such as
benzene ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene ,
toluol ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluol ),
xylol ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylol ),
naphtalene ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphtalene ),
biphenyl ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biphenyl ),
phenanthrene ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenanthrene ), etc.
are formed, which are known to have a high thermal stability.

While the formation and emission of hydrocarbons (PAH, PCB, etc. / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAH / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCB ) are played down by medical experts, they appear here as main products of combustion ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion ), a fact that Professor Wassermann ( http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmar_Wassermann / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmar_Wassermann ) and his team have frequently established. See the black field with the little white cursor ( 73 )( 75 ).

The concentration of Dioxin in the flue gases of waste incineration plants (WIPs) was said by Dr. Lützke of TÜV Rheinland to be generally in the range of "0.1-1000 ng/m³ ( 43 ). If we assume a mean value of "500 ng/m³" and multiply this by 5000 m³ fluegases per ton of waste, then by the amount of waste in a 24 hour day, and then in a year, it will then become clear how potentially dangerous WIPs can be - only taking the parameter "dioxins" into account. But we mustn´t forget that the regulation (17. BImSchV http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BImSchV ) requires less than 0.1 nanograms/m³, and the medical experts reassure us by not doubting that WIPs regularly remain below that limit (see above).

( 6 ) BGA: Dioxine und Furane - ihr Einfluss auf Umwelt und Gesundheit. bundesgesundheitsblatt 36, special issue (1993)
( 13 ) Buser, H-R.: Bromierte und gemischt bromierte Bibenzodioxine und Dibenzofurane. In VDI- Berichte 634, Dioxin, p. 243, VDI- Verlag, www.vdi.de
( 21 ) Eikmann, Th., S. Eikmann: machen MVA, MBA und SVA die Menschen krank? RECYLINGmagazin, 24-25 (2008)
( 37 ) Kirschmer, P.: Entstehung der PCDD/PCDF sowie Vorkommen in der Außenluft von Nordrhein Westfalen. In: VDI- Schriftenreihe, Vol. 3, 8-21, Essen (1986)
( 43 ) Lützke, K.: Probennahme im Abgas von Feuerungs- und Müllverbrennungsanlagen. In: VDI- Schriftenreihe Vol. 3, 23-55 (1986)
( 67 ) Teufl,J., H.Weis, M. Neupert, B. Stock: Praxis der PCDD/PCDF- Spurenbestimmung in einem analytischen Laboratorium der chemischen Industrie. VDI- Berichte 634: Dioxin, p. 257, VDI- Verlag, Düsseldorf (1987)
( 73 ) Wassermann, O.: warum sind Müllverbrennungsanlagen Giftschleudern? Bürgerbewegung für Kryo- Recycling und kreislaufwirtschaft e.V., Tagung "Recyclen statt verbrennen", Gelsenkirchen (24March2004)
www.total-recycling.org/de/content/view/27/62/
( 75 ) Wienecke, J-H., O. Wassermann: Organic Compounds in the Waste Gasification and Combustion Process. Chemosphere 25, 437-447 (1992)
( 76 ) Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesärztekammer: Potentielle Gesundheitsgefahren durch Emissionen aus Müllverbrennungsanlagen. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 90, B45-B53 (1993) www.aerzteblatt.de
_________________
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[Felix Staratschek]

(b)Taking samples, preparing samples, isolation, identification of single isomers

Since the flue gas ducts ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas ) of industrial plants have larger dimensions and the PCDD/ PCDF ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDD / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDF ) are present both attached to particles and also as gas, we cannot assume that they are equally dispersed over the cross- section of the duct. For this reason chemists and engineers demand that portions of the flue gas flow and the dioxins ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin ) and furans ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furan ) contained in them must be sucked off at the same speed at several measurement points distributed over the cross- section of the duct ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct ) and be directed to a suitable collection point. Specifically they say: "Such grid- point measurements should be carried out" ( 43 ).

It must be the duty of regulatory authorities to ensure that sample taking in each individual waste incineration plant (WIP) follows these urgent recommenddations of the VDI ( www.vdi.de ).

The chemists and engineers carefully study chemical factors which interfere with the results of the measurements and which therefore must be taken into consideration during the taking of smples:
--the influence of the respective temperatures,
--of the steam and
--of the pH value on the vapor pressure of the varrious dioxins and furans and their condensation and sorption reactions.
They warn that loss through the convection ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection ) or vaporization ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporization ) of substances, or through subsequent nitration ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitration ) by the presence of NO², must be avoided.

Anyone who reads the detailed infomation from the VDI lectures with a basic understanding of chemisty gets a good impression of the fact that the dioxin results depend on a lot of different factors and can vary greatly. One thing that is conspicuous is that the dioxin measurement to be carried out annually after the first year in service "should be taken when the plants are working at full capacity." The suspicion arises that WIPs might emit different concentrations during the interim months when they are not working at full capacity ( 9 ).

The recommendation of the VDI also reinforce what we said earlier about the ability of the dioxins and the furans to cling to dust ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust ) and soot ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot ), a fact which we illustrated by using indigo dye ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo ). To quote from the transcripts: "There will probably be extremely low vapor pressure in the concentration ratios which occur in practice."

Prof. Hagenmeier, a vastly experienced dioxin analyst, and his team confirm that

"the subsequent procedurals steps in the laboratory can be carried out perfectly and the result can still become useless or lead to missinterpretation. In the case of all solid matter samples (fly ash, slag, sewage sludge, sediments, soils, tissue samples, etc./ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_ash , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/slag , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_sludge , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue ) the extraction stage, i.e., the dissolving of PCDD and PCDF out of a sample matrix, involves a level of uncertainly which cannot be removed even by adding the appropriate internal standard compounds ( 30 )."

The regulation (17. BImSchV) doesn´t deal with the technical problems of measurements and requires only "measuring procedures and measuerment equipment in accordance with the latest technology and as particularized by authorities responsible."

We have no knowledge whether the "authorities respnsible" with their guideline powers follow all the recommendations of the VDI, which were subject of complex discussions during both of the conferences.

( 9 ) Blumenstoch, M.: Indentifikation von Indikatorverbindungen für die on- line Überwachung der industriellen Altholz- und Abfallverbrennung mittels REMPI- Lasermassenspektrometrie sowie Untersuchungen zur Bildung von chloratomischen Verbindungen. Disertation. Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, TU- Munich (2002) www.tu-muenchen.de
( 30 ) Hagenmaier, H.; H. Brunner, R. Haag, H-J. Kunzendorf, M. Kraft, K. Tichazek, U. Weberruß: Stand der Dioxin- Analytik. In: VDI- Berichte 634, p.64, VDI- Verlag Düsseldorf (1987) www.vdi.de
( 43 ) Lützke, K.: Preobennahme im Abgas von Feuerungs- und Müllverbrennungsanlagen. In: VDI- Schriftenreihe Vol. 3, 23-55 (1986)
_________________
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[Felix Staratschek]

(c) The influence of waste incineration plant (WIP) combustion and gas cleaning technology on dioxin emissions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin

Dipl. Ing. g. Bröker from the VDI in Essen ( www.vdi.de ) ( 11 ) examined the problem: What must be done to reduce the emission of chlorinated dioxins and furans ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furan ) from WIPs to a minimum? He came to the following conclusions:

* In WIPs the chemical and physical composition of the fuel changes constantly during combustion.

* Time and location dependent, this leads to zones of oxygen deficiency and lower temperature, which in turn lead to incomplete combustion, with the consequence of the formation of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and soot ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot )

* There is clear evidence that the emissions of dioxin and furan is dependent on the input of chlorine compounds ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound ); but there is no realistic chance of reducing the amount of harmful substances in the waste, so as to reduce dioxins.

* So- called "favorable combustion conditions" like high temperature, adequate residence time at high temperatures, high turbulence through improved furnace geometry ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace ) and sufficient surplus oxygen ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen ) have not led to a permanent or signifcant reduction of dioxins or furans.

* The admixture uf sulfurous additives which can reduce the chlorination reaction ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorination ) must be tested further.

* Instead of scrubbing with water to clean the gas, as in the past, preference should be given to dry processes or semi- dry processes. In the semi- dry process the flue gases are fed directly into reactor at between 255 and 270°C. Using injectetd limed slurry ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime ) the gases are then cooled to between 110 and 140°C and are cleaned. The dosage of lime slurry is regulated according to the composition of the flue gas ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas ), so that the liquid evaporates completely and the suspended hydrate of lime is dispersed in the flue gas as fine particles, which are then separated by fabric filter ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter ). Canadian authors have measured separation levels of over 99%.( 11 )

Perhaps this is the more than 99% which Drs. Eikmann took up and quoted (see above)?

Dipl.-ing. G. Bröker was more cautious ( 11 ):

One way to reduce dioxins in the flue gas possibly is semi- dry dry flue gas cleaning, if the canadian measurements can be verified on a flue gas cleaning system of this kind. At present we are not aware of any conclusive, universal construction principles which can be applied to the firing processes for preventing the formation of dioxins or furans during the incineration of waste.

This means, that the formation of dioxins and furans depends basically on the material. It can scarcely be avoided with furnace- related measures. The promoters of WIP as a "pollutatnt sink" must rely almost exclusively on the effectiveness of flue gas cleaning - and that in face of 10²6 to 10²8 flue gas products per second!

There are, however, reports of findings which suggest that the recently introduced semi- dry process - the effluent - free spray absorption by means of lime slurry injected into the flue gas, possibly with the addition of hearth-furnace coke - attains high removal efficiencies for acids ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid ), oxides ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide ) of nitrogen ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen ) and sulfur ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur ), carbon dioxide ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbondioxide ), organic componets and dioxins/ Furans. But compared with earlier multi- stage gas cleaning plants, which need between 5.5 and 6% electricity, the semi-dry process as a simplified gas cleaning system which needs only between 2.5 and 4% electricity ( 60 ).

The multi- material mixture "WIP flue gas" raises many more questions about displacement processes on the lime particulates from cleaning, about whre the finest and ultrafine dust ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust ) from the WIP goes, and so forth.

But let us return to what we called above the most important thing. It is especially important that we do not allow ourselves to be distracted by the regulation (17. BImSchV / http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BImSchV ) and its promotors from the fact that the dioxins and furans appear mainly in the slag ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag ), in the fly ash ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Ash ) and in the dust washed off the filters, i.e., in the places where the highest proportion of soot is found.

During loading and transportation of these large amounts of solids ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid ) from WIPs, the highest so- called "diffuse emissions" are released into the atmosphere. They impact the immediate area around the WIPs and are carried by wind and weather even farther away.

Strictly speaking, every WIP contravenes the new German Soil Conservation Act which came into effort on March 1, 1999. its aim is not only to deal with dangerous waste sites from the past. With this "law to protect soil", dangerous changes in the soil also are to be avoided prophylactically ( 53 ).

( 11 ) Bröker, G.: Maßnahmen zur Verminderung der Dioxinemissionen an Müllverbrennungsanlagen. In: VDI- Berichte 634, Dioxin, p. 515, VDI- Verlag Düsseldorf (1987) www.vdi.de
( 53 ) Queitsch, P.: Bundes Bodenschutzgesetz. Umfassende komentierung des BBodSchG. Bundesanzeiger, July 1999
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBodSchG
( &0 ) Schäfers, W.: MVA- Wirkungsgrade und das lokale Umfeld. UmweltMagazion 10/11 (2006)
_________________
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[Felix Staratschek]

(d) Relevance for the environment and toxicity

"The relevance of dioxins ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin ) lies, on the one Hand, in their high biological and chemical stability and, on the other hand, in their toxicity, which varies greatly for each isomer and is apparently type- specific as well" ( 59 ). Their high biological and chemical stability and their long persistance in the aerobic environment ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment ) lead unavoidably to accumulation of these poisons ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison ), including heavy metals ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_%28chemistry%29 ), not only over short distances but also far away ( 14 ). Warning examples are many Scandinavien inland lakes from which all plant and animal life has disappeared because the lakes have been acidified by air pollution ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ) from industrial areas in the British Isles ( 41 ).

Researches from Switzerland and others at VDI- conferences ( www.vdi.de ) explained why the halogenated dioxins/ furans four-substitued very symetrically in the 2,3,7,8 position are the most poisonous for humans and why they are the most difficult to break down, which is why they accumulate in humans. Once absorbed, researchers estimate, the poisons remain in human fat and fat-like liqid structures, e.g., in the nervous system, with a half life of 6 years ( 3 )( 25 )( 51 ).

Lipophilic substances, like DDT ( http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT ), hexachlorobenzene HCB ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCB ), polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCB ), the Seveso- dioxin ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seveso_disaster ) and other polychlorinated dibenzo- p- dioxins PCDD ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDD ) can be concentrated by several powers of ten in aquatic organisms, e.g., fish, and can possibly cause toxic effects.

Especially the PCDDs and PCDFs ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDF ) with the highest toxicity ("the dirty dozen"), which are substituted in the position 2,3,7,8, accumulate. They have the greatest potential for bioconcentration BCF ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCF ).

The higher chlorinated up to 8- substituted PCDDs/ PCDFs have a spatially more bulky molecular cross-section. "Because of that the permeation through membrans is greatly reduced. They can only reach the target organs with great difficulty "( 25 ).

Even as early in the 1986/87 chemists said that the concentration in plants is naturally considerable lower because of their small fat- lipid content.

For this reason it is unfair of Drs. Eikmann to cite, of all things, their low accumulation in plants as proof of the harmlessness of waste incineration plant (WIP) flue gases ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas ).

Animal fat, that means milk and meat, is the source of the concentration of dioxins and furans ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furan ) in humans.

Even in human, this lipophilic substances are accumulated and remain for long periods of time especially in fat, possibly in breast milk, in the lipid structures of the skin, the nervous system and the immune system. Even after 6 years only half of them are excreted ( 51 ).

In future everything should be done to avoid the formation of PCDDs and PCDFs - and their fluorinated or brominated analogues - so that the concentrations in the environment will not increace more to make the chronic dangers become acute dangers for humans and environment ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine ). This is the unanimous of engineers and chemists who worked on that issue at VDI conferences.

According to the hazardous properties classification regulations of the German Chemical Act, they are all "dangerous to the environment" ( 46 ). They all get into the environment through WIPs - if not so much through flue gas, then more through solid matter:
slag ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag ),
ash ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash ),
dust ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust ).

( 3 ) Beck, H., K. Eckart, W. Mathar, R. Wittkowski: Isomerenspezifische Bestimmung von PCDD und PCDF in Human- und Lebensmittelproben. In: VDI- Berichte 634, Dioxin, p. 359 (1987) www.vdi.de
( 14 ) Buss, D.h.: Das wahre Problem wird übersehen. Göttinger Wochenzeitung 24 March 2006
( 25 ) Geyer, H., I. Scheunert, F. Korte: Bioakkumulation von 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlor- dibenzo- p- dioxin (TCDD) und anderer polychlorierter Bibenzo- p- dioxine (PCDD) in aquatischen und terrestrischen Organismen sowie im Menschen. In: VDI- Berichte 634, Dioxin, p. 317, VDI- Verlag, Düsseldorf (1987)
( 41 ) Liljequist, G.H., K. Cehak: Allgemeine Meteorologie. Vierweg, Braunschweig/ Wiesbaden (1984)
( 46 ) Neidhard, H., M. Herrmann: Abbau, Persistenz, Transport polychlorierter Dibenzodioxine und Dibenzofurane in der Umwelt. In: VDI- Bercihte 634, Dioxin, p. 303, VDI- Verlag, Düsseldorf (1987)
( 51 ) Poiger, H.: Aufnahme, Verteilung, Metabolismus von PCDDs und PCDFs - Vergleich Mensch/ Tier. In: VDI- Berichte 634, Dioxin, p. 389, VDI- Verlag, Düsseldorf (1987)
( 59 ) Sander, H-P.:Dioxine in rechtlicher Sicht. In. VDI- Berichte 634, Dioxin, p 37, VDI- Verlag, Düseldorf (1987)
_________________
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[Felix Staratschek]

What do respnsible doctors and biologists say?

Many doctors who directly observe the development of diseases in the population and care for those affectetd see symptoms of the chronic mass poisoning more clearly than some people who as medical officers and presidents of medical associations put their status and good names to use as appraisers ( see above).

Doctors in practices and clinics register the permanet increase in diseases associated with air pollution ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ):
allergies ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy ),
asthma ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma ),
neurodermitis ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodermitis ),
atopic eczema ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_eczema )
tumors ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor ),
neural diseases ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_disease ).
They also see the increase in diffuse symptoms which have not yet developed into classic diseases but cause extreme chronic discomfort to patients: clearly increasing
nervous irritations like ADHD (attentiom deficit/ hyoeractivity disorder - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADHD ),
lack of concentration,
intolerance ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intolerance )
and other forms of
social misconduct,
mental syndroms which can be explained by disruptive foreign substances on the lipid structures ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid ) of the nerves ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerv ). But also unspecific dysfunctions of other organs - liver, cardiovascular system, skin changes - are on the rise. The chronic mass poisoning is in full swing ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison ).

A warning example is provided by the well researched behavior of DDT ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT ) in the environment ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment ) (In the book, Figure 7) ( 23 ).

* DDT

The insecticide DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane) was sprayed in tropical regions in large amounts to fight the malaria vector (anopheles mosquito). DDT evaporated and appended itsself to dust particles in the air, which became condensation nuclei for raindrops. The toxically laden raindrops conterminated leaves and grass, the soil and the surface water, where DDT accumulated in plankton and other smallest organisms. From there it was absorbed by slaughter animals, eggs or fish. Eventually it reached the end of the resspective food chain, the sea birds or humans. In the wing bones of albatrosses in the Antarctic, which only feed on fish, so much DDT was accumulated that those bones broke when they beat their wings. So the damage due to DDT and dioxins/ furans affects us humans less in a direct way, through air pollution, but rather indirectly through accumulation in our food, especially fatty animal products.

As shown by the example of DDT, all chlorinated cyclic hydrocarbons ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_hydrocarbon ) that are stable in the environment and long- lived behave like this , not only dioxins and furans ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furan ). Some we use, like DDT, as insecticides, pesticides and herbicides. Even some hobby gardeners sometimes feel compelled to use such agents.

* The silent spring

But poison demands more poison to combat its consequences. and so, many people already tend to silently accept the increasing poisoning of our world as an inescapable fate. Only an American biologist once succeeded in opening the eyes of a broad public: Rachel Carson ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Carson ) with her book "Silent Spring" ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring ) ( 16 ). She enlightened people about the clouds of selectively produced
chlorinated cyclic hydrocarbons - insecticides ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide ) and herbicides ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide ) like
aldrin ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldrin ),
dieldrin ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieldrin ),
heptachlor ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptachlor )
- under which our gardens and fields, animals and humans live. Such substances alien to nature, which are produced "chaotically" in more or less similar form also in waste incineration plants (WIPs), destroy the natural balance of microorganisms and smallest animals in the soil ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil ). They destroy soil fertility and biodiversity. It speaks for the politican John F. kennedy, then President of the USA, that he read Ms. Carsons book himself and arranged for objective verifications of her serious allegations. There were independent scientists in the USA then. Mrs. Carson was magnificently confirmed and acclaimed for her courage. But as servere as the shock was which "Silent Spring" caused, as quickly the warning was again forgotten, or rather "hushed up". What about the "Silent Spring" here? If there are still gardens in which the decline of birds breeds is not yet recognizable, then soon - with the increase in WIPs - the silence in our gardens will be loud and clear!

* Effects of poisoning

Only gradually is the negative influence of a hormone-like impact of chemicals like DDT on the reproductive capacity of humans and animals becoming clear ( 28 ). The substances with proven or assumed hormone- like effects include numerous halogenated organic products produced by combustion processes ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion ); besides dioxins/ furans also
alkyl ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyl ),
phenols ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol ),
PCB ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCB ), or
their decomposition products. Several working mechanisms are being discused: those which already affect the maturing of Ihre IP wurde gespeichert. Unerwünschter Spam wird zur Anzeige gebracht! organs in the womb, and those which disturb hormone metabolism during adulthood ( 28 ).

In medical sience the attention of toxicology has only recently shifted to the damaging effects of small, chronically absrbed amounts of substances and from the classic doese- effect relations to dose- time relations ( 19 ). Carcinogens ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen ) - also some of the halogenated dioxins/ furans - function according to the dose- time principle. Their high bonding capacity or adhesiveness, which we already emasized for the soot ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot ) and dust particles ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust ), of course also comes into play in long- term contact with the cell structures of our body. Tetrachlorodioxin ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCDD ) strongly binds with a special cell receptor called the Ah-receptor. Afterwards the dioxin receptor complex moves into the cell nucleus. There it leads to an activation of DNA ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA ) and therewith to increased protein synthesis ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein ). The consequences can be dysfunctions of the cell, modified enzyme acitivities or even mutations of the genome with accelerated cell proliferation ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/genome / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_proliferation ). This is called a tumor promotion" - e.g., to liver cancer ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_promotion / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer )! Tetrachlorodioxin is the most potent known carcinogen, effective on a much higher scale than other known carcinerogens, e.g., aflatoxins ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin ) ( 19 ). But it acts chronically, over a long period.

* Dr. Rosins microcosm modell and HCF-134a

Some years ago, when Prof. Dr. H. Rosin ( http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rosin / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rosin ) and Dr. H. Preisendanz at the municipal Hygieneinstitut of Dortmund ( www.dortmund.de ) had little time to demonstrate first damaging effects of the new refrigerant HCF 134a, tetrafluorethane ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrafluorethane ), they quickly built the "microcosm model", shown as foto in the book.

It consists of 8 columns, each representing an active component of our environment, our biosphere ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere ):
high- energy UV radiation ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_radiation ),
lightning discharge ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning ),
fresh water ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water ),
sandy soil ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand ),
green plant ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetation ).
blog soil,
chalky soil with vegetation and
anaerobic swamp ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp ).
All parts of the microcosm are connectetd via gas hoses. The gas supply is regulated by a control unit. It was suspectetd that HFC- 134 forms water- soluble decomposition products, namely hydrofluoric acid ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid ) and trifluoroacetic acid ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoroacetic_acid ) when after leaking from refridgerators ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator ) and deep freezers it is released into atmosphere and exposed to sunlight. When these acids return with rainwater they might possibly - after conversion into monofluoroacetic acid ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofluoroacetic_acid ) - threaten all life in the biosphere. It was necessary to identify this risk at an early stage.

The damaging effects of flue gases from waste incineration plants (WIPs) also can be revealed quickly with such "field tests in the microcosm". You would only have to add, e.g., a column with
vegetables ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable ) a column with
small animals and/ or a Column with
human cell cultures as are commonly used in viral diagnstics. Already the environmental hygienists from Dortmund ( www.dortmund.de ) were worried that a terrible environment would develops if electronic waste with its brominated and fluorinted flame retardant were to be incinerated in the presence of catalytically functioning metals, especially copper and silver ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver ). They wanted to warn about these dangers. Unfortunately, they were forced to remove this privatly built and paid model from the municipal institute within 24 hours after word of it spreed through newspaper reports. They did not know at the time that a large waste incineration plant (WIP) was planed in Dortmund ( www.dortmund.de ). So the only alternative left to Prof. Rosin and Dr. Preisendanz was to undertake the uphill task of informing the public in writing, of theoretical peruasion work. With their practice project, the eco fridge "Greenfreeze" ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfreeze ), they still scored a success because Greenpeace ( www.greenpeace.com / www.greenpeace.de ) was able to mobilize the board public and, with the help of the "East bonus" which existed then, find an established refrigerator producer in the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge, ex. DDR/ GDR).

High hurdles, even violent ones, have been placed in the way of cryogenic recycling / Kryo- Recycling of electronic waste. Prof. Rosins cry of complaint: "Why are public servants no longer allowed to serve the public?" became a wellknown saying, but remained a "pious wish".

Doctors in hospitals and medical practices also have had similar disgraceful experiences.

Ecologically active doctors´associations like the
Ökologischer Ärtebund / www.oekologischer-aerztebund.de and
IGUMED / www.IGUMED.de, or organizations like
Greenpeace ( www.greenpeace.at ),
www.ippnw.de or
BUND / www.bund.net (Friends of the Earth Germany)
offer in individueal cases only a setting for lectures and information, but at least that! Activities which could codetermine industrial policies, as the case of the eco fridge "Greenfreeze" are taboo. Unfortunataly, a great deal of knowledge beneficial for the future is suppressed in this way.

( 16 ) Carson, R.L.: Der stummeFrühling (1970) C.H. Beck Verlag, Munich (2007)
( 19 ) Dekant, W., S. Vamvakas: Toxikologie - für Chemiker und Biologen. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. Heidelberg (1994)
( 23 ) Forth, W., D. henschler, W. Rummel, K. Starke: Allgemeine und spezielle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie. BI-Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Mannheim (1992)
( 28 ) Greenpeace Studie: Angriff auf das Hormonsystem. Kurzfassung der Studie: Reproduktionsschäden und Umwelthormone - ein neues Umweltproblem? Greenpeace, Hamburg (1996)
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=BU9w9ZtiO8I
www.bpb.de/popup/popup_bild.html?guid=I3B1GJ
http://sites.google.com/site/oekoradevormwald

[Felix Staratschek]

What do action groups and environmental organizations say?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment

Nearly all previous waste incineration plants (WIPs) were built against the massive resistance of the population ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration ). A lot of citizens have not forgotten the corruption scandals ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption ) which were exposed afterwards because the decisions to build were based on cronysm, as in Cologne ( www.koeln.de ) ( 58 ). People learn!

The action groups work with high personal and financial commitment. Unlike Ms. Carson, however, often without any political support. The John F. Kernnedys are missing! (May be some one can show this to Obama! F.St.) If action groups go to court, the formal compliance with the 17th Federal Ambient Pollution Control Ordinance (17. BImSchV/ http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BImSchV ) stands against them. It´s no help that from the beginning to end this does not add up. You can´t order a cigarette to be nontoxic! This is even less of a possibility with waste incineration plants (WIPs).

Lawmakers ought to realize this and take it seriously; but industry would first have to demonstrate this underständing itself, or allow lawmakers to do so! (I hope, this is an ironic sentence! Democrazy means: People have the power and laws should be made for people and only in the secound line for industy and co. But look hear: www.gekaufte-politik.de / "bought policy" in Germany. F.St.)

The action group "Für ein lebenswertes Werratal" (For a Livable Werra Valley www.bi-werratal.de.vu/ ) fight against continuing the construction of a waste incineration plant (WIP) in Heringen ( www.heringen.de ) It was proven with an adept lawyer, plus German Weather Service, plus engineering office, plus a university institute, that owing to the existing level of pollution ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution ) and the frequent temperature inversions ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion ) their region would be inadmissibly chronicall poisoned ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison )even if the standards of the 17. BImSchV in fact were met. Actually, this should be sufficient for success! Perhaps our earlier reference to the Federal Soil Conservation Act of 1999, which emphazies prevention in its formulation, could be useful as well ( 53 ) see above.

The environmental organizations - especially BUND ( www.bund.net ), also Greenpeace ( www.greenpeace.at/problem.html ) or the regional organizations "Ein besseres Müllkonzept (A better Waste Concept www.muellkonzept.de ) or "Müllplattform Österreich" (Waste Plattform Austria), and our association (Bürgerbewegung für Kryorecycling und Kreislaufwirtschaft e.V. www.total-recycling.org ) - help were they can. Their traditional field is the impact of waste incineration on the greenhouse effect ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect ), to which incineration not only contribute carbon dioxide ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide ), but also
H²0 ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor ) and a lot of
CHCs ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHC ),
CFCs ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFC and
other small- molecule halogenated hydrocarbons ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenation / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon ).
Banned from use in the manufacturing industriy with good reason, from WIPs generated by chaotic synthesis, they are thoughtlessly discharged into the atmosphere ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere ). Also the involvement of WIP flue gases ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas ) and motor vehicle exhaust fumes in the generation of photosmog belong to the traditional problem complexes addressed by environmentalists.
(3 links for better organization of traffic- problems:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobiler
www.container-linienzuege.de ,
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busanh%C3%A4nger , F. St.)

The organizations release helpful publications e.g. BUND in its series BUNDpositionen: "Müllverbrennung: Gefahren und Risiken" (Waste Incineration: Dangers and Risks), Bonn 4/1994, or www.greenpeace.de : "Dioxin - das unterschätzte Umweltgift" (Dioxin - The understimated Environmental Poison), Hamburg 9/1994. Very commendable is also "Müllverbrennung und Gesundheit" (Waste Incineration and Health), www.greenpeace.at - Austria, Vienna 10/2001, or Müllplattform Österreich: "Dioxin über Wien" (waste Plattform Austria: Dioxin over Vienna), Vienna 1/2003.

But as long, as there are no better alternatives on the market, they too can only supply good arguments, collect epidemiological evidence about the chronic mass poisoning, but not show a practical alternative. ( But combustion is never an alternative! It is possible to make a depot for waste, which cannot go into an actually recycling cycle, until a technology is found. There is never a need for so much WIPs! F. St.) All together - action groups, environmentalist groups and ecologicaly- minded smaller parties like the ÖDP ( Ecological Democratic Party www.oedp.de or www.umweltsparen.de ) (and also theowner of this forum, the www.buendnis-zukunft.de , I hope, F. St.) - complain that the discussion about incinerators is not a factual issue anymore but a power game. Foreseeable bitter experiences will force a shift in thinking, say all environmentalists. The price to pay for more WIPs - independent of collection charges - is getting higher day by day!

( 53 ) Queitsch, P.: Bundes- Bodenschutzgesetz. Umfassende Kommentierung des BBodSchG, Bundesanzeiger, July 1999 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBodSchG
( 58 ) Rügemer, W. Colonia corrupta. Globalisierung, Privatisierung und Korruption im Schatten des Kölner Klüngels. Westfälisches Dampfbot, Münster (2002)
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=BU9w9ZtiO8I
www.bpb.de/popup/popup_bild.html?guid=I3B1GJ
http://sites.google.com/site/oekoradevormwald

[Felix Staratschek]

Do alternatives exist?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rosin , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rosin

The better alternative can only be the material recycling of the waste listed in the positive catalogue of the BKB/ "E.ON - waste from energy" ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.ON / www.eon-energyfromwaste.com ). The reclaimed recyclate must be marketable and must "pay". If suitable processes were not already prepared to a great extent, they would have to be urgently invented!

Both goals can be achieved with the low- tempertaures recycling (kryo-recycling) which was elaborated by the team of Professor Dr. H. Rosin and Dr. H. Preisendanz.

The program consists two parts:

On (1) deep freeze or cryogenic recycling (Kryo- Recycling) which serves recycling of scrap plastics, used tires and scrap electronics;

On (2) biological- mechanical treatment (BMT) of conterminated biowaste in a three- stage reactor system with linked desalination and linked biogas extraction.
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=BU9w9ZtiO8I
www.bpb.de/popup/popup_bild.html?guid=I3B1GJ
http://sites.google.com/site/oekoradevormwald

[Felix Staratschek]

On (1) Cryogenic plastic recycling / Kryo- Recycling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling

With the deep temperatures of the cryogenic recycling process ( down to -160°C) the mainly thermoplastic synthetic materials (more than 90% of the plastics used ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic )) and elastomere ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer ) ( rubber products) are made brittle. They then easily can be ground to fine powder. Pulverizing ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulverizing ) makes fine sorting possible. Especially the fine pulverizing permits separating the plastic grains of the intact original mass, the inner part of the plastic products, from the grains of the altered surface layer. The grains of the intact original mass make real recyclates. The altered grains of the surface layer make material for downcycling ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downcycling ).

The cryogenic recycling process / kryo recycling already has been extensively prepared ( 1 )( 31 )( 54 )( 55 ). It was not only tested on a laboratory scale, but also examined, found to be good, and shaped by specialists for refrigration technology and mechanical process and sorting technology and by industrial engineers. Mannesmann Anlagenbau AG (plant engineering) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannesmann ) had been colaborating on it for more than 2 years until the cooperation was abruptly stopped due to the takeover of the corporation by Voadfone ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone ).

3 innovative process stages considerably reduce the previous operating costs for deep refigeration technology, crushing technology and sorting, so that the marketability of the plastic recyclates, as regards both price an quality, has been economically reviewed and can be predicted as certain.

* The new low- temperature refrigeration technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration

The new low- temperature refrigeration technology uses three natural gas fefrigiants
propane ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane ) +
ethane ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethane ) +
methane ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane
not in separate cycles, as in the conventional cascade technique, but as a mixture in a one- cycle system, as in the eco refrigerator "Greenfreeze". (In the book you will find a graphical picture of the sytem).

The main compressor ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressor ) only has to develop a pressure of 15 bar ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_%28unit%29 ) to liquefy propane. the cascade like fall in temperature occurs without additional power consumption by fractional vaporizing of the refrigerant in a shunt circulit. The methane vaporaizing at -161°C, cools the grinding tunnel into which the scrap plastics, used tires or electronic parts, crushed into palm- sized pieces beforehand, are brought via a sluice. To utilize the vaporization enthalpy ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy ) of the gases in the best possible way, they are returned to each particular preliminary stage according to the counterflow principle, which is only roughly outlined in Figure 10 (in the book). As a mixture they again reach the main compressor via Roots- type precompressor ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_type_supercharger ) with a technically favorable high suction gas temperature.

To enable a compact construction of the grinding tunnel, the indirect cascade cooling of the grist is complemented by direct cooling according to the heat- pipe principle ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pipe ) in the tunnel. The latter increases the heat transition and provides for direct continuous frictional heat removal from the grist ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction ). Compared to the old Cryogen- recycling with liquid nitrogen ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen ), the opening costs go down to approximately a tenth. The cost advantage considerably extends the range of economic applications.

The advantage of the hydrocarbon mixtures ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon ) in the cooling cycle ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_cycle ) results from the tendency of gases to establish van der Waals interactions in mixtures ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_interaction ). These week bonding forces contribute to the formation of "molecule clusters" ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule_cluster ) during condensation ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation ), thus vaporization enthalpy. Overcoming the mixture- included van der Waals forces increases the volumetric refrigeration capacity and the energetic refigeration gain. These physical- chemical principles of innovative refrigation technology were presented and successfully defended by Prof. Rosin with the help of IP- spectroscopic analyses in 2 lectures at the University of Göttingen and before the VDI and VDE at Göttingen ( 54 )( 55 ).

The innovative refrigeration technology also passed the tests conductetd by industrial refrigeration engineers. in the mid- 1990s it was discussed in detail with refrigeration engineers of the company "Messer" (in Griesheim and Krefeld) and considered to be good. They would have liked to take part in the industrial realization if the mother company at taht time, Hoechst ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoechst / www.messer-group.com ) had allowed them to change from liquid nitrogen to the hydrocarbon mixtures. The cost advantages compared to conventional refigeration technology in the low- temperature field using liquid nitrogen were confrimed inter alia in feasibility studies ( 1 )( 31 ).

* The new grinding technology


The new grinding technology in the refogeration tunnel: The material, which is not shock- frozen but is gradually embritted, is caught between the central working rolls, which only partially project into the compact tunnel (in the book in figure 11 ).

The grinding pressure ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinding ) is reinforced by external supporting rollers. The roling mill ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill ) is simillar to the sendzimir mill proven in metallurgy and cement industry ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgy ). The roll guide, however, reacts flexibly to disturbing lumps or in case the grist ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grist ) builds up in front of the roll gap. The desired grain size ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_size ) can be adjusted variably - if required up to the finess of powder ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder ). Tire producers demand a grain size of less than 80 micrometers for rubber recyclates ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire ). It could be proven in electron- optical analyses that with the innovative grinding technology grinding down to a size of 20 micrometers is possible, if required - with the particle surface remaining rough and active, i.e., not being smoothed by friction heat ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction ).

Contraries like attached dirt or heavy substances like metal and minerals are removed parallel to the grinding process by air separation or sieves ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sieve ). the medium for direct cooling according to the heat- pipe principle ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pipe ) protects against dust explosions ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_explosion ), e.g., during the fine grinding of used tires. It also prevents the secondary oxidation of the polymer chains at the intercrystaline breaking points. The flotation of the mixed powder at the end of the grinding process is guaranteed by special pin mills.

In principle the mechanical process engineering follows the good example set by Messer- Griesheim ( www.messergroup.com ) with its offers to recycling using liquid nitrogen: "On- line classifying with high flow rate and sharp separation boundaries up to the micrometer level" (Messer- Griesheim brochure).

The advantages of the innovative cryogenic recycling / kryo- recycling: it does without relatively expensive liquid nitrogen ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen ) and offers the cost advantage of natural gas hydrocarbon mixtures, which can be used to optimum efficiency in the closed refrigant loop. The price advantages were professionally proved ( 1)( 31 ). For plastic processors and producers of tires and other technical rubber products, e.g., conveyer belts, sealing material and so forth, the success on the market can be regarded as assured - at the latest since the price for crude oil rose to mor than 100 dollars per barrel ( like in Summer 2008). (Also, incineration is not for free! It would be enough, if this technique would made working with a lower price than the WIPs, by regarding also the external costs. F. St.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil

* The new separation and sorting technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorting
www.spectro.de/pages/e/index.htm

The new separation and sorting technology: The different separation and sorting processes connected in series via conveyer belts, already start in the refrigeration tunnel. In the refrigeration tunnel, for example, advantage is taken of the fact that the well known electrostatic separation according to the ESTA process is not impaired by conductive water. Further methods partly correspond to the highly developed state of the art, e.g., the Messer Griesheim Cryoclass process. Additional innovativ processes improve the fine sorting of the mixed powder, which contains numerous types of material. A highly unmixed result, also sorted according to color, and very gentle treatment of the material preserving the active surface of the grain are possible.

The fine grinding makes it possible to separate the grains from the surface of the pastics parts, which often is changed and worn out, from the grains which still consist of completely intact base mass. Even after many years of use, the waste plastics only used up right at the surface, as a rule. 60 to 80% intact base mass remain which can be recompounded ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound ) using the well- developed methods of the state- of- art chemical technology. Suitable aditive mixtures for recompounding can be obtained from Ciba Spezialitätenchemie ( www.ciba.com ), if necessary ( 50 ). It has been demonstrated that the recompounding of recyclates can produce plastics of primary quality or with even better mechanical properties ( 62 ) - except that the products from recyclates are much cheaper for plastics processors because cryogenic recycling/ kryo recycling uses about 40 times less energy than the synthesis of new molding material.

* Outlook on kryo- recycling

A group of scientists and engineers who took the forecasts of a destructive climate change ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change ) and other damagings of the biosphere seriously at an early stage extensively prepared the cryogenic recycling/ kryo- recycling process decentrally for industrial use. In qualitative respects the results are encouragging. It has been proved that scrap plastics can be further processed into new high- quality products. Their incineration - often only after a single use - is not necessary. Even the grain from the surface layers, which often is changed by imprints or wear and tear, can be put to good use, for example , as material for protecting car underbodies against corrosion. This is more a downcycling ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downcycling ) than a recycling ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling ), but still a usefull further application of the material. The many disadvantages of the waste incineration plants (WIPs) - high termal emissions, high rate of conversion into toxins in slag, dust or flue gas - can be avoided. For the low temperatures, the use-friendly original material compostion of the products is not changed at all. And no new toxin emerge.

It is now time to embody the ( in 2008) 12- year development phase in an industrial pilot plant and optimize it. The pilot plant as well as future operating facilities with a capacity of one ton per hour or more and an eight hour working day can operate economically. The plant size should not exceed a capacity of five tons per hour so that the transport distances remain short.

As long, as the WIP lobby continues to pursue its inglorious goals, cryognic recycling/ kryo recycling unfortunately has only few prospects in this power game, because the scrap plastics cannot be obtained as long as politics and/ or economics do not permit let alone support this. (Politics only have power, because they are electetd. If they are not willing to beginn the kryo- recycling, we, the electors, should change the persons, which now have the chance, to do the best for the people. F.St. www.world-ecological-parties.org )

And yet is certainly that the advantages terms of the enrgy balance and costs will pay off:

**for our national economys, because plant engineering and plastics processing stay here - despite globalization - and do not have to relocate to low- wage countries;

**for the employed and unemployed, because the cost advantage will be obtained by technical means and with their good know- how and not merely through wage dumping;

**for the plastic producers, because on the one hand they can contribute their processing, knowledge to the reyclate buisiness/ quality assurance and, on the other hand, will likely able to sell even better, more expansive high- tech products with the offer of recycling on the world market.

The total amount of wastes that could be treated by cryogenic recycling / kryo- recycling comes to about 20 million tons per year in Germany. this corresponds to the decrease in German coal output from 47 million tons in 1997 to 26 million tons 2008. The value created from the high- quality waste would be plainly higher than that from coal mining. The number of jobs which would finance themselves through the conervation of material would be enormous!

( 1 ) Albrecht, M.; Grundlegende Berechnung einer Kältekaskade zur Tieftemperaturaufbereitung von kunststoffhaltigen Rückständen. Diploma thesis, Düsseldorf, University of Applied Sciences (1996) www.fh-duesseldorf.de
( 31 ) Hinrichs, H.F., S. Harig, H. Schütz: Durchführung einer Vorstudie über das Tieftemperaturverfahren zur Verwertung von Altreifen. KTB, Oberhausen and EKKU, Marl (1994)
( 50 ) Pfaender, R., H. Herbst, K. Hoffmann: Innovative Concept for the Upgrading of Recyclates by Restabilization and Repair Molecules. Macromolecular Symposium 97-111 (1998)
( 54 ) Rosin, H.: Chancen, die aus der Kälte kommen. Lecture: VDI, VDE zu Göttingen, Göttingen ( 19 feb. 1998)
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rosin / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rosin
( 55 ) Rosin, H.: Der Schlüssel zur globalen Kreislaufwirtschaft. Lecture: GDCh, VDI, VDE und Göttinger Colloquium für Fragen der Wissenschaft, technik und ethik, Göttingen (30 Nov. 2000)
( 62 ) Scott, G.: Polymers and Environment. RSC (1999)
_________________
Handle so, daß die Wirkungen der Handlungen verträglich sind mit echter Permanenz menschl. Lebens. (Hans Jonas)
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http://sites.google.com/site/oekoradevormwald

[Felix Staratschek]

On 2.: Biological- mechanical treatment in a three- phased process

Besides scrap plastics and rubber products the BKB catalogue (see above, www.eon-energyfromwaste.com ) contains waste of biological origin which, however, is highly contaminated, e.g., with technically produced colors, coatings, impregnations, salts of haevy metal or even enfectious pathogenes, e.g., in hospital waste.

We can entrust such contaminated biowaste ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biowaste / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_waste ) to the cleaning work of microorganisms ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism ). They have practiced this about three billion years longer than we do. They allways have been successful, too. We often have had to rely on microbes in the hope of having an industrial wasteland recultivated or the ocean renaturalized after a tanker accident ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker ).

We must, however, control them with microbiological expertise so that they can deliver these results quickly enough.

The Eikmanns criticize the existing BMT plants, which they call MBT- plants, in the article ( 21 ) quoted earlier. Their exact words:

"In Germany their are about 48 MBT- plants in operation today with about 5.1 million tons treatment capacity. .... The realized egineering concepts are very different and as a whole not easy to compare. Despite partly very costly exhaust air cleaning systems, ever since these plants were put into service offensive odors in the neighborhood of many MBT plants have bees a cause of considerable nuisance to the population, leading to massive protests of the residents. Biogas, landfill gas ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill ), the air from the treatment and percolation sheds, the biostabilized output called Geostabilat, but also the dumping areas can be classified as relevant emission sources for the odors ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor ). Mainly composting activities (partly in decay sheds) and disposal and transfer processes of material from the landfill area come into questions for the release of bioaerosols. ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol )

And they continue:

"A health risk to the population in the sence of a higher frequency of symtoms, syndroms or deseases can very probably be ruled out for residual areas in the vicintity of mechanical- biological plants (MBT).

The nuisance ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance ) caused by the odors occurning in the vicinity of MBT plants are described as exremely unpleasant by the population - and according to the hedonic criteria ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic ) According to the Be aware! We logged your IP- adress and we will bring your spamming to a german court! ( odor emissions guidline) assessment criteria they constitute per se a "risk to health" and are basically to be avoided.

An accompanying illustration shows a Be aware! We logged your IP- adress and we will bring your spamming to a german court! who obviously is about to become nauseous.

This negative assessment of the MBT plants seems to be as tendentious to us as the one- sided praise if waste incineration plants (WIPs) in the same article ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration ).

Of course, MBT/BMT- plants shouldn´t stink. But that doesn´t have to be. If residents complain about this at existing MBT plants, these plants are neither expertly disgned nor correctly dimensioned. Perhaps these plants are designed for a catchment area which is too large, and they are not able to properly process the accumulating waste. Perhaps they are more similar to large compost piles than to technical plants. As we conceive it, the BMT plant, too, follows a techncally controlled concept and has nothing more to do with large compost stockpiles. ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost )

* Dr. Rosins BMT- concept

The contaminated organic waste are immediately channeled into a closed system consisting of three rotary tube reactors. In these rotary tubes the waste is constantly in motion. The three- phase treatment thus can be finished in 12 to 14 days. The bulk of what comes out is equivalent to ripe compost which smells like forest humus.

Each BMT unit consists of three rotary tube connected in series, which are alternately operated in aerobic mode, then in anaerobic mode, then again in an intensive aerobic mode. Such a line or several lines in a parallel could be established on one site. In any case a biofilter on each reactor ensures that the reactors`gaseous emissions are made reliably odor- free. Slaughterhouses have proved that this is possible: they keep their sheds odor-free with the help of biofilters so that no nuisance is created in the neighborhood. Incidentally residents in the near vicinity of WIPs also occasionally report pungent odors.

* Differences from BMT and WIP

Much more important is that we remember the fundamental differnces between the material transformation in WIPs (also HWIPs) on the one hand, and BMT plants on the other:

----in the WIP the substances are heated to high temperatures, consuming very large amounts of atmospheric oxygen ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxigen ). The heating effect degasses them. It tears most molecules into fragments of molecules ( radicals / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical ). These radicals search for reaction partners in a chaotic way to become completed again. Innumerable problematic substances and toxins emerge through the chaotically proceeding de novo synthesis during the cooling phase, and they "poison" all residues from WIP ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison ). In the slag ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag ) they are in the gas- filled pores. Otherwise they adhere to the toxically laden dust ( http:/7en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust ) and soot particles ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot ). Waste which had been use- freindly a short time ago emerges "poisoned" from WIP. Nothing that leaves the wip is still "inert"!

In the BMT plant, in contrast , the atmospheric oxygen and the water in the waste mainly serve as medium of life for the substances´microbial conversion.

In the first stage aerobic decay, just enough heat is produced as it is necessary for "hygienization", about 70°C. This temperature kills all vegetative, i.e., directly infectious, human pathogens. This is enough for "hygienization". The slowly revolving rotary tube reactors, in which resistors, so- called baffles, permanently circulate the waste, expose the microorganisms in the reactor to always new nutrients. this permits completing aerobic decay including hygienization of waste within two days.

As second stage anaerobic fermentation then follows. Here special emphasis is placed on detoxification ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detoxification ) as well as dehalogenation ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dehalogenation ) and mobilization of heavy metals ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_%28chemistry%29 ). Lower reaction temperatures of about 30°C must prevail in the reactor ( 40 )( 42 ) to make enzyme systems work which enable the anaerobic bacteria to dehalogenate and detoxify. This can be controlled in the reactor. At the end of anaerobic fermentation the part of the reactor contents which is enriched with heavy metal salts will be routed in a shunt through an innovative biosorption reactor. There the heavy metals will be collected in an easily smeltable concentration. Everybody knows, since the disaster of the nuclear MCA of Chernobyl at the latest, that mushrooms and certain bacteria are able to accumulate heavy metals. For years afterwards - actually until today - it was forbidden to gather forest mushrooms in the fallout zones. The salt ellimination is a missing in current MBT plants. This is a much bigger hygienic disadvantage than perhaps odor problems. (The text forgets the winning of Biogas at this step! F.St.)

As third stage after salt elimination and anaerobic detoxification, once again an intensive decay phase follows. It is designed to decompose also lignin ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin ) and humic substances ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humin ) with activated oxigen ( http:/7en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_oxygen ). So that enclosed toxins (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin ) will be made harmless by oxidation ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation ). After that the biggest part of the biolocial/ organical waste meets the requirements of ripe compost of the best RAL quality category. It has been really been made "inert", and the waste as a whole is sufficiently reduced in volume. Only a smal rest, e.g., residues of lignin and leather, have to be decomposed by fungi cultures. These cultures need to be left alone to do their work. This can be made possible in encapsulated longtime decay devices. Biofilters prevent any odor emissions ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilter ).

The commercial explotation of larger quantities of compost should not be a problem. For the Medeteranean area, but also for Germany and many other regions of the world, heavy downpours and longer dry periods are predicted to cause considerable problems for our agriculture. To compensate these anomalous conditions for farming as well as possible, much compost will be needed as soil conditioner and as outstanding rainwater reservoir ( 63 ).

( 21 ) eikmann, Th., S. Eikmann: Machen (Makes) MVA (WIP), MBA (MBT) und SVA (HWIP) die Menschen krank (the humans ill)? RECYCLINGmagazin, 24-25 (2008)
( 40 ) Leahy, J.G., R. Colwell: Microbial Degradation of Hydrocarbons in the Environment. Microbiological Review, pp 205-315 (1990)
( 42 ) Lovely, D.R., J.C. Woodward: Consumtion of Freons CFC-11 and CFC 12 by Anaerobic sediments and Soils. Environmental Science & Technology 26, 925-929 (1992)
( 63 ) Seifert, A.: Gärtnern, ackern - ohne Gift. Biederstein Verlag (1973)
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